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Anatomy and Physiology > Quiz 4 (Modules 16-19) > Flashcards

Quiz 4 (Modules 16-19) Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx/hypopharynx

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2
Q

Boyle’s law

A

The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container (when the volume increases the pressure decreases, and when volume decreases the pressure increases)

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3
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing Inhalation and exhalation

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4
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs

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5
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells

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6
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Three bony projections located on the lateral walls of the nasal cavities Increase the surface area of the cavities providing a very rich supply of blood that warms and moistens incoming air, and mucus that traps foreign particles

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7
Q

Internal nares

A

Two posterior openings of the nasal cavities that provide a connection between the nose and the pharynx

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8
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses Provide sites for mucus drainage; lighten the skull, warm and moisten air, and provide chambers for speech resonance

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9
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

• Also called hyaline membrane disease (HMD) • Most common cause of death of newborns (especially premature babies) • Caused by a deficient amount of surfactant • Characterized by difficult breathing, which exhausts the infant

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10
Q

Effects of aging on the respiratory system

A

Lung capacity decreases because the airways and tissues of the respiratory tract become less elastic, resulting in more rigidity – oxygen delivery to tissue cells is impaired The elderly are more susceptible to diseases such as pneumonia, emphysema, and bronchitis due to the decrease in activity of the macrophages and ciliary action of the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract

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11
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs / The volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by forcible expiration after the deepest possible inspiration

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12
Q

Tidal air volume

A

The normal inhalation and exhalation of air into or out of the lungs

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13
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air, over the tidal volume, that can be forced into the lungs

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14
Q

Dead space volume

A

Air in the conducting zone airways that is not in position to contribute to gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood

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15
Q

How is the bulk of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

As the bicarbonate ion(HCO3-) in plasma

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16
Q

The part of the brain which sets the basic rhythm of inspiration and expiration

A

Medulla

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17
Q

Parts of the brain which contain all of the respiratory control centers

A

Medulla and pons

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18
Q

Pleurisy

A

Results from an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

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19
Q

Emphysema

A

The condition whereby the respiratory alveoli become enlarged and may be replaced by fibrous tissue

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20
Q

Functions of the digestive system

A

Digestion (breaking down large nutrient molecules), absorption, and elimination

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21
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

Opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through

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22
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Connects the ileum to the first part of the large intestine; this valve prevents feces from reentering the small intestine

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23
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes; synthesis of certain vitamins (vitamin K and certain B vitamins) by intestinal bacteria; and the elimination of feces (defecation)

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24
Q

Liver function tests

A

Albumin globulinase Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) Bilirubin

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25
The proper name for baby, or milk, teeth
Deciduous teeth
26
The two sphincters that keep food in the stomach during digestion are
Cardioesophageal (cardiac) and pyloric sphincters
27
Gastrin
Secreted by the gastric and duodenal mucosa Acts to Increase the secretions of the gastric glands
28
The glands that frequently become inflamed when one gets the mumps
Parotid
29
In general, what is probably the most important factor involved in determining a person's basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
The amount of thyroxine produced by the thyroid gland
30
This hormone, produced by the duodenum, causes an increase in the output of bile by the liver and pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions
Secretin
31
Cholecystokinin
Stimulates the gall bladder to expel stored bile and increases the output of pancreatic juice.
32
Segmentation (digestion)
The movement of chyme backward and forward over the intestinal wall to allow maximum nutrient absorption
33
Enteroendocrine cells in the stomach
release chemical messengers that stimulate the release of gastrin
34
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Glands in the small intestine that secrete enzymes that chemically digest proteins and carbohydrates
35
Functions of the Large Intestine
Absorption of water and electrolytes; synthesis of certain vitamins (vitamin K and certain B vitamins) by intestinal bacteria; and the elimination of feces (defecation).
36
The left and right lobes of the liver are separated by:
The falciform ligament
37
What side of the body is the ascending colon on?
Right side
38
What side of the body is the descending colon on?
Left side
39
How do the kidneys help regulate blood pH
The kidneys excrete a variable amount of H+ ions into the urine and conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) which buffer H+ in the blood
40
Path of urine drainage in the kidney
Collecting duct Papillary duct Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder
41
Glomerular filtration
First step of urine production Small substances are filtrated from the glomerulus to the Bowman’s capsule (e.g., water, sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, uric acid, and creatinine), large molecules are not (e.g. Blood cells and large proteins)
42
Tubular reabsorption
Tubule cells reabsorb about 99% of the filtered water and many useful solutes and they return to the blood. The return of substances from the filtrate in the tubules to the bloodstream (peritubular capillaries). Most of it occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule Glucose should be completely reabsorbed, 99% of water and sodium is reabsorbed, 50% of urea is reabsorbed Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidney and returned to the blood vessels The substances not reabsorbed by kidneys remain in the tubules and become urine
43
Tubular secretion
Renal tubule and duct cells secrete materials such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions, into the fluid
44
Glomerular filtration rate
GFR The amount of filtrate formed in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute
45
Effect of angiotensin II on GFR
Reduces it Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor that narrows afferent and efferent arterioles and reduces renal blood flow
46
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Secreted by cells in the atria of the heart Relaxes the glomerular mesangial cells which increases the capillary surface area available for filtration Increases GFR
47
Diuresis
Elevated urine flow rate, which in turn reduces blood volume
48
Diuretics
Substances that slow renal reabsorption of water and thereby cause diuresis, which in turn reduces blood volume Caffeine, alcohol, drugs prescribed to treat high blood pressure
49
Renal papillae
The tips of the renal pyramids. They point toward the center of the kidney
50
Minor calyces
Funnel-shaped structures that surround the tips of each renal pyramid; their function is to collect urine from the ducts of the pyramids
51
Capillary beds in the kidney
The kidney is the only organ that has two capillary beds - the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries (blood passing through the glomerulus remains oxygenated)
52
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The force pushing water and solutes out of the blood therefore no metabolic energy is needed for glomerular filtration
53
Urea
A waste product derived from the normal breakdown of amino acids
54
Creatinine
A waste product of muscle metabolism – should all be excreted in urine
55
Tubular Secretion
This process makes sure that some substances that were reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries are returned to the renal tubules. Important examples include potassium ions, hydrogen ions, uric acid, and ammonia.
56
Uric acid
A waste product from the breakdown of nucleic acids.
57
Ammonia
A waste product from the breakdown of proteins
58
pH of urine
Usually 6 but can range from 4.5 to 8.0
59
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Regulates the levels of urine output: high levels of ADH increase water reabsorption and urine concentration, and lower levels of ADH decrease water reabsorption and dilute the urine
60
Where is ADH synthesized?
In the hypothalamus
61
Where is ADH stored before it is secreted into the bloodstream?
In the posterior pituitary gland
62
Aldosterone
Hormone that helps to regulate fluid balance - stimulates the distal tubules to reabsorb sodium ions (Na+) and water, and to excrete potassium ions (K+)
63
Aldosterone is released by what glands?
Adrenal glands
64
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Hormone that inhibits the reabsorption of Na+ and water, thereby decreasing blood volume and blood pressure
65
Angiotensin II
Hormone that raises blood pressure by exerting a powerful constrictor effect on the arterioles
66
Blood leaving an afferent arteriole in the kidney would enter which structure next?
Glomerulus
67
Renin
An enzyme produced by the kidneys that helps to regulate blood pressure by catalyzing a reaction that leads to the formation of angiotensin II
68
Which 2 substances are normally present in the filtrate forced from the glomerular capillaries but does not normally appear in the urine?
Glucose and amino acids
69
What substance enters the renal tubule by both filtration and secretion?
Creatine
70
How does ADH affect the nephron?
ADH increases the permeability of the nephron walls to facilitate the tubular reabsorption of water
71
When you drink alcohol, what is the effect on the production and release of ADH?
It decreases
72
Androgen
Hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics, and promotes libido
73
Epididymis
Coiled tube which collects the sperm cells that are produced by seminiferous tubules – i.e., provides the site for the maturation of the sperm cells and stores sperm for up to two months
74
Vas (Ductus) Deferens
A tube that is a direct continuation of the epididymis Passes out of the scrotum and up into the abdominal cavity in the region of the urinary bladder Contains three layers of muscle in its wall that uses peristalsis to move sperm through during ejaculation
75
Seminal Vesicles
Two hollow glands found on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder Each has a duct that joins with each vas deferens Produce slightly alkaline viscous secretions, rich in nutrients (fructose), that are added to sperm to form semen to nourish the sperm
76
Ejaculatory Ducts
Formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle duct – 2 cm (1 inch) long; Open into the first part of the urethra
77
Prostate Gland
Adds alkaline secretions to semen - helps neutralize acidic vaginal fluid Enhances motility as it acts as a liquefying agent
78
Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)
Paired glands lying on each side of the urethra Add alkaline secretions to semen that neutralizes acid in the urethra Secretions help to lubricate urethra and end of the penis
79
pH of semen
About 7.5 (slightly alkaline to help neutralize vaginal acidity)
80
The accessory structures semen passes by are the:
Seminiferous tubules Epididymis (sperm stored until ejaculated) Vas deferens Ejaculatory ducts Urethra (Prostate gland, bulbourethral/Cowper’s glands)
81
Testosterone
The most important androgen; Synthesized from cholesterol in the testes
82
Functions of Testosterone
Responsible for the normal growth, development and function of the male sex organs, including sperm cell production Develops and maintains male secondary sex characteristics Has an important growth promoting effect by increasing protein synthesis and decreasing protein catabolism Stimulates the descent of testes before birth
83
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
Carry ova released from the ovaries to the uterus
84
Infundibulum
The funnel-like end of the uterine tube
85
Fimbriae
Finger-like projections that sweep the ova into the uterine tube
86
Where does fertilization normally occur?
In the upper third of the fallopian tube
87
Stratum functionalis
Innermost layer of the endometrium - sheds during menstruation
88
Pathway of an Ovum
The ovum is discharged from an ovary (usually monthly) into the pelvic cavity The finger like projections (fimbriae) of the fallopian tube “sweep” the ovum into the tube Peristalsis of smooth muscle and ciliated epithelium propel the ovum toward the uterus If fertilization has not taken place the ovum is shed during the next menstrual period
89
The menstrual cycle
The monthly rhythmical changes in hormonal secretion and endometrial lining of the uterus that occur during the reproductive years of the female
90
2 main events that occur in the menstrual cycle
1. Ovulation 2. Preparation of the endometrium for implantation should the ovum become fertilized
91
3 Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
• Menstrual phase (days 1-5) • Proliferative phase (preovulatory phase) (days 5-14) • Secretory phase (days 15-28)
92
Menstrual Phase
Starts on the first day of menstruation (menstrual period) Upon withdrawal of hormonal support from the endometrium, the lining that had developed during the preovulatory and progestational phases is shed
93
Proliferative Phase / Preovulatory phase
Begins after the menstrual phase (days 5-14) Several ova and their surrounding follicles start to develop under the influence of FSH; only one ovum and its follicle continue to develop the others are repressed The cells of the developing follicle start to secrete estrogens; just prior to ovulation, there is a marked increase in estrogen, which inhibits GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) in the hypothalamus, which inhibits production of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and causes the endometrium to increase in thickness About 24 hours before ovulation, LH (luteinizing hormone) increases and induces ovulation, the cervical mucus becomes thin, stringy and crystalline, which allows sperm cells to pass through easier
94
Ovulation
Occurs between the proliferative and the secretory phase: the mature follicle ruptures; the ovum is released and starts to travel to the uterus via the fallopian tube
95
When does ovulation occur?
Between the proliferative and the secretory phase
96
Secretory Phase / Progestational phase
Days 15-28 After ovulation, the ruptured follicle stays in the ovary where it increases in size under the influence of LH (luteinizing hormone), to become the corpus luteum; If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate resulting in decreased levels of progesterone and estrogens, which cause GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) to increase If fertilization does occur the corpus luteum is maintained
97
Corpus luteum
Ruptured follicle from a released ovum, located in the ovary Secretes some estrogens, but mainly progesterone, causing the endometrium to continue to thicken and become more vascular
98
Where are FSH and LH secreted?
Anterior pituitary
99
Parturition
The act of giving birth
100
The entire process of spermatogenesis, from production of primary spermatocyte to release on immature cells, takes how long?
68-74 days
101
The progression of development in spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium; primary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte; spermatid sperm cell
102
Which structures in the testes produce spermatozoa?
Seminiferous tubules
103
Where do spermatozoa complete their maturation
In the epididymis
104
The rupture of the Graafian follicle with the release of the oocyte and its associated cells is termed:
Ovulation
105
The follicle cells of the ovary produce which hormone?
Estrogen
106
The corpus luteum produces which hormone?
Progesterone

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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