Quiz #4 Reviewer Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
______ is the fuel of the ______.
A
Energy, global economy
2
Q
______– a complex system that starts with ______ from a variety of sources and then moves to ______, ______, ______, and ______.
A
Energy Harnessing Network, extraction, transformation, storage, distribution, final utilization
3
Q
______ are required to ensure that the world’s economy is fueled in a ______ and ______ responsible way that is also ______.
A
Innovative solutions, socially, environmentally, economic
4
Q
______ is the field of activities focused on obtaining sources of energy from natural resources.
A
Energy development
5
Q
______ may be classified as ______, where the resource can be used in substantially its original form, or as ______, where the energy source must be converted into a more conveniently useable form.
A
Energy resources, primary resources, secondary resources
6
Q
Enumerate (4) conventional industries:
A
- Petroleum industry
- Natural gas industry
- Electrical power industry
- Nuclear industry
7
Q
______ are those that recover their ______ in a ______ significant by human ______.
A
Renewable resources, capacity, time, needs
8
Q
______ are those that are significantly ______ by human usage and that will not recover their ______ significantly during human lifetimes.
A
Non-renewable resources, depleted, potential
9
Q
______ is electrical current used as a power source.
A
Electricity
10
Q
______ is generated in a power plant, and then sent out over a ______ to your homes, and ultimately to your ______.
A
Electric current, power grid, power outlets
11
Q
Luzon grid:
A
500 kV
12
Q
Visayas & Mindanao grid:
A
230 kV
13
Q
Former Mindanao grid:
A
138 kV, 69 kV, 34.5 kV
14
Q
Cooperatives like Penelco:
A
13.8 kV or 13.2 kV
15
Q
Industrial/residential/commercial grid:
A
480/240 V
16
Q
Meralco grid:
A
34.5 kV
17
Q
GNPD grid
A
26 kV
18
Q
GMEC grid
A
18 kV
19
Q
Electric current generation:
A
Magnets + Copper wire + Motion = Electricity
20
Q
______ made the discovery of Electromagnetic Induction
A
Michael Faraday
21
Q
If you place a magnet and a conductor (copper wire) in a room together, electric current will be generated.
A
FALSE
22
Q
______ is the source of mechanical energy for a rotating electric generator.
A
Prime mover
23
Q
A ______is a mechanical device that is forced to rotate by the pressure of gas (______ for thermal units, ______ for wind units, ______ for gas units) or ______ (such as water for hydro units).
A
turbine, steam, air, flue gas, fluid
24
Q
Electricity delivered:
A
(1) Power plant -> step-up transformer -> tower, (2) transmission substation, (3) distribution substation, (4) transformers, (5) home
25
A ______ or a ______ is basically an industrial (power industry) location that is utilized for the ______ and ______ of electric power in mass scale, usually in the order of several ______ watts.
power plant, power generation station, generation, distribution, 1000
26
______ is a rotating machine that is equipped to convert energy from the ______ (rotating turbine) into ______ by creating relative motion between the magnetic field and the conductors.
AC alternator or generator, mechanical domain, electrical domain
27
3 major classifications for power production:
(a) Nuclear power generation, (b) Hydro-electric power generation, (c) Thermal power generation
28
The ______ is the unitless ratio of an ______ electrical energy output over a given period of time to the ______ possible electrical energy output over that period.
net capacity factor, actual, maximum
29
Nuclear power plants emit greenhouse gases, but are not easily destroyed by natural calamities.
FALSE
30
The ______ is the world’s largest producers of nuclear power.
United States
31
Top 10 Nuclear Power Producers:
(1) United States
(2) France
(3) China
(4) Russia
(5) South Korea
(6) Canada
(7) Ukraine
(8) Germany
(9) UK
(10) Sweden
32
In ______, the steam is made by heat generated from ______.
nuclear power stations, nuclear fission
33
______ is when atom split, releasing ______ amounts of energy in the form of heat.
Nuclear fission, enormous
34
______ is used as fuel because it breaks apart easily when it collides with a neutron.
Uranium 235
35
Operating pressure of a subcritical boiler
17 MPa
36
______ – to keep the water in the reactor from boiling. This allows it to heat to ______.
Pressurized Water Reactors, super-high levels
37
______ use boiling water directly to create the steam to drive the generator.
Boiling Water Reactors
38
2 types of nuclear power plants:
(1) Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR), (2) Boiling Water Reactors (BWR)
39
Six key reactor attributes:
- Cost-effectiveness
- Safety
- Security and nonproliferation
- Grid appropriateness
- Commercialization roadmap
- Fuel cycle
40
To remove the heat from a nuclear reactor, ______ is used.
coolant
41
______ is a material such as ______ or ______, that is used in a reactor to slow down ______ neutrons. Thus, increasing the likelihood of fission.
Moderator, ordinary H2O heavy water, graphite, high velocity
42
This incident involved a relatively minor malfunction in the secondary cooling circuit which caused the temperature in the primary coolant to rise.
Three Mile Island
43
This power plant involved a 1000-MW (electrical) BWR, graphite-moderated, direct-cycle reactor. An accident was initiated during a test of reactor coolant pump operability from the reactor's own turbine generators.
Chernobyl
44
______ refers to the ______ and ______ that launched civil nuclear power. This kind of reactor typically ran at power levels that were “______.”
Gen I, prototype, power reactors, proof-of-concept
45
NRC
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
46
PWR
Pressurized Water Reactor
47
BWR
Boiling Water Reactor
48
GCR
Gas Cooled Reactor
49
PHWR
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor
50
LWGR
Light Water Graphite Reactor
51
The ______ is a substance which is used as a conductor of heat. It ______ the thermal energy generated through fission.
coolant, absorbs
52
The ______ is a substance which slows down the speed of the fission reaction.
moderator
53
The ______ is responsible for ______ and the ______ is used for the sustainable chain reaction.
coolant, steam generating, moderator
54
______ refers to a class of commercial reactors designed to be ______ and ______.
Gen II, economical, reliable
55
CANDU
Canada Deuterium Uranium
56
AGR
Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors
57
VVER
Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reactors
58
______ (LWR) use ______ active safety features involving electrical or mechanical operations that are initiated ______ and, in many cases, can be initiated by the operators of the nuclear reactors.
Light Water Reactors, traditional, automatically
59
KSNP
Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plant
60
Gen II’s four safety system:
(1) Mark I BWR containment structures
(2) Common mode emergency core cooling capability resulting from loss of emergency backup power
(3) The performance of mixed-oxide fuel in Gen II reactor designs
(4) Critical safety analyses of the various extant used fuel cooling pool designs
61
An array of fuel channels, containing the reactor fuel passes through a large cylindrical vessel called ______ which contains the ______and ______.
calandria, heavy water moderator, reflector
62
A ______ is a type of light water reactor that uses ______ as the moderator and coolant.
pressurized water reactor, ordinary water
63
The PWR plant is the most common type of nuclear power reactor in the world.
TRUE
64
A PWR has ______ water systems.
two
65
A major difference between western designed PWRs and the VVERs is that the latter have horizontal steam generators.
TRUE
66
______ nuclear reactors are essentially Gen II reactors with evolutionary, ______ design improvements. These improvements are in the areas of ______, ______, ______, ______ (especially the use of passive rather than active systems), and ______.
Gen III, state-of-the-art, fuel technology, thermal efficiency, modularized construction, safety systems, standardized design
67
ABWR
Advanced Boiling Water Reactor
68
AECL
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
69
______ reactor designs are an evolutionary development of Gen III reactors, offering significant improvements in _____ over Gen III reactor designs certified by NRC in the 1990s.
Gen III+, safety
70
EPR
European Pressurized Reactor
71
ESBWR
Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor
72
______, or ______ implies a system of reactors and nuclear fuel cycle facilities – fuel ______ and ______ – that together may manage the ______ often associated with nuclear power of today.
Fourth generation nuclear power, Generation IV, fabrication plants, reprocessing facilities, weaknesses
73
Generation IV reactors are considered safer yet less efficient.
FALSE
74
GIF
Generation IV International Forum
75
The ______ is an international organization that coordinates the development of generation IV reactors – specifically selected ______ as candidates for generation IV reactors.
Generation IV International Forum (GIF), six reactor technologies
76
6 chosen designs for Gen IV:
(1) GFR – Gas-cooled Fast Reactor
(2) LFR – Lead-cooled Fast Reactor
(3) MSR – Molten Salt Reactor
(4) SFR – Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor
(5) SCWR – Supercritical-water-cooled Water Reactor
(6) VHTR – Very High Temperature Reactor
77
The majority of reactors in operation around the world are considered second generation and third generation reactor systems, as the majority of the first generation systems have been retired.
TRUE
78
The ______ designs operate at much higher temperatures than prior generations. This allows for ______ or for ______ for the efficient production of hydrogen and the synthesis of ______.
very-high-temperature reactor, high temperature electrolysis, sulfur-iodine cycle, carbon-neutral fuels
79
The ______ is an industrial process involving various steps to produce electricity from ______ in nuclear power reactors.
nuclear fuel cycle, uranium
80
If ______ is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an ______ fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a ______ fuel cycle.
spent fuel, open, closed
81
Nuclear power plants don’t emit any greenhouse gases, unlike coal and natural gas. As a result, they don’t contribute to climate change.
TRUE
82
Nuclear power generation had the most expensive operating cost.
FALSE
83
______, a unit of electric power used in the electric power industry.
MWe (“megawatt electrical”)
84
PROS & CONS of nuclear power plant
PROS:
- Carbon-free electricity
- Small land footprint
- Reliable baseload electricity source
CONS:
- Uranium is technically non-renewable.
- Very high upfront
- Nuclear waste
85
Power Generation, Nuclear Energy:
Heat generated by fission + Heat transfer to a heat exchanger + Steam flow (from heat exchanger coolant) = steam drives a steam turbine (rotational motion)
86
Advantages and disadvantages of hydro power plants
ADVANTAGES:
- Requires no fuel
- Neat and clean energy generation
- Simple construction and less maintenance
- Helps in irrigation and food production
DISADVANTAGES:
- High capital cost (dam construction)
- Availability of water
- Require higher transmission cost (usual remote locations)
87
Power Generation, Hydro Power:
Potential energy of stored water + KE + mass of water combined PE & KE = water drives a water turbine (rotational motion)
88
Advantages and disadvantages of thermal power plants
ADVANTAGES:
- Fuel used i.e. coal is cheaper
- Initial cost is less
- It requires less space compared to hydro-electric power stations
DISADVANTAGES:
- It polluted atmosphere due to production of smoke and fumes
- Running cost of the power plant is more than hydro electric power plant
89
Power Generation, Thermal Power:
Chemical potential energy of fuel (combustion) + heat transfer at the boiler + steam flow (from the boiler) = steam drives a steam turbine (rotational motion)
90
Alternative methods or non-conventional energy of power generation
(1) Solar
(2) Wind
(3) Sea/Ocean
a. wave
b. tidal
c. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
d. Salinity
(4) Geothermal
91
Power Generation, Solar Thermal:
Heat radiations from the sun + heat transfer to a heat exchanger + steam flow (from heat exchanger) = steam drives a steam turbine (rotational motion)
92
______, mostly made out of ______, have been used since the 1950s for absorbing solar energy and converting it directly into electrical current: the semi-conductor material captures ______ emanating from the sun, and the absorbed photons create an ______.
Solar cells, semiconductors, photons, electron-hole pair
93
A number of solar cells compose a ______ which can be used as an electricity generator.
solar module
94
Solar (Photovoltaic):
Heat radiations from the sun + Semiconductor materials (solar cell) + electron movement = electricity
95
The only way forward would then lie in the mercy of these alternative source of energy which might play an instrumental role in shaping the energy supplies of the future, called as “______”.
energy of the future
96
The movement of air within the atmosphere of the earth from a ______ place to a ______ place is what we call the “______”.
hotter, colder, wind
97
Wind is “______” which can vary from zero to high ______.
air in motion, gusts
98
With fossil fuel supplies running out, ______ and ______ are now becoming an important renewable energy source.
Wind Energy, Wind Power
99
______ is a free and renewable ______ form of solar energy, due to the uneven distribution of temperatures in different areas around the world, and people have been harnessing this ______ resource since windmills and sailing boats were first used in ancient times.
Wind energy, secondary, free wind energy
100
The ______ contained in the wind can be converted into both ______ and ______ energy by a windmill.
kinetic energy, mechanical, electrical
101
Power Generation, Wind:
Uneven heating of the earth, heat flows (high pressure/temperature) + Earth rotation (Global winds) + KE of wind = wind drives a wind turbine (rotational motion)
