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PSYC 301 > Quiz 4 Study Content > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Study Content Flashcards

1
Q

What are the early stages of recovering consciousness?

A
  • Wakefulness
  • Awareness: Arousal, Attention, Purpose
  • Perception and Recognition of Information
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2
Q

What are the Later Stages of Recovering Consciousness?

A
  • Speed of information processing
  • Memory
  • Reasoning and Problem-Solving
  • Executive Functioning
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3
Q

What are some common early symptoms when someone recovers consciousness?

A
  • Confused
  • Unable to Pay Attention
  • Unaware of Where they are
  • Unaware of What date it is
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4
Q

How many Levels of Rancho Los Amigos are there?

A
  • 10
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5
Q

Describe Rancho Level 1

A
  • No Response
  • Requires Total Assistance
  • Coma
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6
Q

What does treatment focus on in Rancho Level 1?

A
  • Managing Medical Issues
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7
Q

Why does impaired consciousness occur in Rancho Level 1?

A
  • The Brainstem does not connect to higher function areas of the brain
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8
Q

In Rancho Level 1, what can the patient not do?

A
  • Follow Commands
  • Communicate
  • Respond to Pain
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9
Q

Describe Rancho Level 2

A
  • Generalized Response
  • Requires Total Assistance
  • Vegetative State
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10
Q

What is occurring in the brain of someone in Rancho Level 2?

A
  • Brainstem is recovering
  • Connection to higher order regions of brain are not stable
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11
Q

What are patients in Rancho Level 2 able to do?

A
  • Open Eyes
  • Have Periods of Wakefulness
  • Have some form of sleep/wake cycle
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12
Q

What are Patients in Rancho Level 2 unable to do?

A
  • Follow Movement
  • Focus on People or Objects
  • Verbally Communicate
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13
Q

Describe Rancho Level 3

A
  • Localized Response
  • Requires Total Assistance
  • Minimal Conscious State
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14
Q

What happens to the level of consciousness in Rancho Level 3?

A
  • Level of consciousness continues to improve
  • Awake more often, longer period of time
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15
Q

What does Rancho Level 3’s localized response include?

A
  • Staring in direction of sound
  • Looking at picture
  • Grabbing toward tubes or catheter
  • Pulling away from pain
  • Localizes to pain
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16
Q

What do patients in Rancho Level 3 still struggle with?

A
  • Verbally communicate
  • Responding consistently
  • Process auditory and visual stimuli fast
  • They have decreased arousal
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17
Q

How can you help someone in Rancho Level 3?

A
  • Calm soothing voice
  • Avoid complex medical information
  • Remind them who you are and what day it is
  • When touching, explain
  • Keep comments, questions, and commands short and simple
  • Allow up to 10sec to respond
  • Provide small amount of stimulation, combined with rest
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18
Q

What should you remember about patients in Rancho Level 3?

A
  • Behaviours not intentional
  • Easily fatigued and need plenty of rest
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19
Q

What occurs between Rancho Level 1 and 3?

A
  • They are waking up
  • It is hard work
  • They need plenty of rest
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20
Q

Describe Rancho Level 4

A
  • Confused and Agitated
  • Requires Maximal Assistance
  • Emerging Consciousness State
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21
Q

What is happening in the brain of a patient in Rancho Level 4?

A
  • Brain is still in low arousal and sleepy
  • Outwardly, seen as agitation and restlessness
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22
Q

How might agitation be expressed in Rancho Level 4?

A
  • Hitting Behaviour
  • Foul Language
  • Yelling
  • Restlessness
  • Short Attention Span
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23
Q

What is Confabulation?

A
  • Filling in Memory Gap with stories
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24
Q

Describe the memory of a patient in Rancho Level 4

A
  • No day-to-day memory
  • Confabulation, to fill in memory gaps
  • May have significant sleep disturbances
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25
Q

What tasks can be used to help with memory for patients in Rancho Level 4?

A
  • Brushing Teeth
  • Writing their Name
  • Sorting Objects by Color
  • Simple Activities they enjoy
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26
Q

Will a patient in Rancho Level 4 remember this period?

A
  • NO
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27
Q

Describe Rancho Level 5

A
  • Confused
  • Inappropriate and Non-Agitated
  • Requires Maximal Assistance
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28
Q

What is Rancho Level 5 characterized by?

A
  • Wakefulness with awareness
  • Purposeful Interactions
  • Process Meaning
  • Difficult to Complete Tasks Accurately
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29
Q

What is Post-Traumatic Amnesia?

A
  • No day-to-day memory
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30
Q

Describe some symptoms of Rancho Level 5

A

Increased
- memory (slightly): mainly step-by-step recovery
- Distractability
- ability to follow commands consistently and correctly
Decreased
- awareness of injury
- problem-solving
- error recognition
- attention
- initiation

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31
Q

Describe Rancho Level 6

A
  • Confused Appropriate
  • Requires Moderate Assistance
  • Emerges from Post-Traumatic Amnesia
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32
Q

What can patients in Rancho Level 6 Recall?

A
  • the Date
  • Where they are
  • How to get to different places
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33
Q

In Rancho Level 6, the patients are in a Post Traumatic Cognitively Impaired State. What impairments might they have?

A
  • Attention
  • Information Processing
  • Memory
  • Executive Functioning Skill
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34
Q

Describe the Changes from Rancho Level 5 to Rancho Level 6

A

Increase
- day-to-day memory (still impaired)
- recognition of problems and impairments
- Independence

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35
Q

What are still some issues that a patient in Rancho Level 6 will experience?

A

Decreased
- problem-solving skills
- flexibility of thought
- memory for new information still impaired
- Needs assistance with compensation strategies
- May not understand importance of therapy

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36
Q

Describe Rancho Level 7

A
  • Automatic and Appropriate
  • Minimal Assistance for Daily Living Skills
  • Experiencing Consistent Day-to-day memory
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37
Q

What are some improvements that occur in Rancho Level 7?

A
  • Wakefulness
  • Awareness
  • Perception
  • Attention
  • Memory
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38
Q

What is a Focal Injury?

A
  • An injury to a specific part of the brain
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39
Q

What part of memory is still impaired in Rancho Level 7?

A
  • Limited Recall on complex information
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40
Q

What are some continuing impairments in Rancho Level 7?

A
  • recall on complex information
  • Executive functioning
  • deficits in focal injuries
  • Overestimation of abilities
  • concrete Thinking
  • Slow processing speed
  • Decreased Organization
  • Poor Attention to details
  • Minimal awareness of errors
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41
Q

What are some examples of Focal Injuries?

A
  • Physical Limitations
  • Speaking
  • Communication Impairments
  • Poor Memory
  • Executive Functioning Challenges
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42
Q

Describe Rancho Level 8

A
  • Purposeful and Appropriate
  • Requires Stand-by Assistance
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43
Q

What are some characteristics of Rancho Level 8?

A
  • Requires less assistance
  • Readiness to return to work or school
  • Deficits in Focal Injury Areas
  • Low frustration tolerance, irritability, and depression
  • Awareness of Impairments
  • Improved organization
  • Increased insight and self-evaluation
  • Recognizes decreased social interaction
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44
Q

Describe Rancho Level 9

A
  • Purposeful and Appropriate
  • Requires Stand-by assistance on Request
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45
Q

What are some marked improvements in Rancho Level 9?

A
  • Increased independence
  • Thinks about consequences
  • Accurate estimate of abilities
  • Increased Frustration related to limitations
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46
Q

Describe Rancho Level 10

A
  • Purposeful and Appropriate
  • Requires modified and dependent assistance
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47
Q

How do patients in Rancho Level 10 live?

A
  • Independently
  • May require assistance with physical limitations due to focal injuries
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48
Q

What are the Two clinical components of consciousness?

A
  • Arousal = wakefulness
  • Awareness = Subjective Experience
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49
Q

Describe Arousal in terms of Consciousness

A
  • Wakefulness
  • Vigilance and Alertness during wakefulness
  • Presence of eye-opening and brainstem responses
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50
Q

What are the Neurobiological Markers of Wakefulness?

A
  • Passage of sensory information from brainstem to cortex
  • High energy demand and electrical activity within corticothalamic system
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51
Q

Describe Awareness in terms of consciousness

A
  • Subjective Experience
  • Response to external and internal stimuli in integrated manner
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52
Q

What is the Neurobiological Marker of Awareness?

A
  • Anatomical and Functional Connectivity of the Frontoparietal Networks and the thalamus
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53
Q

Consciousness is based on sensory information flow from upper brainstem to cerebral cortex. How does it get there?

A
  • Travels via the reticulo-thalamocortical and extra-thalamic pathways
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54
Q

How does the Ascending Reticular Activating System in the Upper Brainstem send projections throughout the cortex?

A
  • Directly
  • Through the Thalamus
  • Through the hypothalamus
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55
Q

What is the Thalamus a Gate for?

A
  • Arousal
  • Awareness
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56
Q

What is the one sense the thalamus is not a relay system for?

A
  • Smell
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57
Q

What does the Thalamus act as a relay station for?

A
  • All sensory impulses (except smell)
  • Conscious recognition of pain, temp, touch, and pressure
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58
Q

What are the central thalamus and frontal lobe closely linked by?

A
  • A direct corticothalamic connection
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59
Q

What are the three disorders of consciousness?

A
  • Coma
  • Vegetative State (VS)
  • Minimally Conscious State (MCS)
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60
Q

What do the Disorders of consciousness have in common?

A
  • Withdrawal of excitatory synaptic activity across the cerebrum: causes dis-facilitation of neocortical, thalamic, and striatal neurons
  • Widespread dis-facilitation: leads to sharp reduction in cerebral metabolic rate
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61
Q

Describe a Coma in terms of Arousal and Awareness

A

Unconsciousness
- Lack of Arousal
- Lack of Awareness

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62
Q

Describe a Coma in Clinical terms

A
  • complete loss of spontaneous or stimulus induced arousal
  • No eye opening
  • no sleep-wake cycle
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63
Q

What are the neurological characteristics of a coma?

A

Structural Lesions usually involve:
- Diffuse cortical
- white Matter Damage
- Brainstem lesion

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64
Q

What is the Rehabilitation goals for someone in a Coma?

A

Those who survive this stage:
- awaken
- Transition to Vegetative or minimal conscious state
- happens within 2-4 weeks

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65
Q

Describe the Vegetative State in terms of Arousal and Awareness

A

Unresponsive Wakefulness State (UWS)
- Arousal (wakefulness)
- No Awareness

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66
Q

What are the Clinical characteristics of the Vegetative State?

A
  • Unconscious, dissociative state of wakefulness
  • Eyes open spontaneously
  • Sleep-wake cycle present
  • Can be aroused externally, no signs of conscious perception
  • act spontaneously out of context
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67
Q

What are the Neurological characteristics of the Vegetative State?

A
  • Presence of wakefulness: preserved brainstem functioning
  • Lack of awareness: underlying cortical dysfunction
  • Activation of primary cortical areas
  • No activation of higher order cortical areas
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68
Q

What are the Rehabilitation goals of a patient in a Vegetative state?

A
  • With Proper Medical Care: Survive many years
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69
Q

Describe the Minimally Conscious State in terms of Arousal and Awareness

A
  • Arousal (wakefulness)
  • Partial Awareness
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70
Q

What are the clinical characteristics of the Minimally Conscious State?

A
  • Severe impairments of consciousness
  • Wakefulness and partial preservation of awareness
  • Purposeful behaviour
  • Inconsistent but reproducible, command following
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71
Q

What are the Neurological characteristics of the minimally conscious state?

A
  • Preservation of corticothalamic connections
  • retain the capacity for cognitive processing
  • Exhibit visual pursuit, emotional responses, and gestures to appropriate environmental stimuli
  • Unable to communicate their thoughts or feelings
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72
Q

What are the Rehabilitation goals of the minimally conscious state?

A
  • Recover at better rates than Vegetative states
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73
Q

What is the Acute Confusional State?

A
  • A transient Period between Minimally conscious state and full consciousness
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74
Q

What are the clinical characteristics of the Acute confusional State?

A
  • Experience transient periods of disorientation and agitation
  • Day-to-day fluctuation of behaviour responses
75
Q

What may the Acute Confusional State include?

A

Periods of
- Irritability
- distractibility
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Restlessness
- Emotional Lability
- Impaired Perception
- Attentional Abnormalities
- Disrupted Sleep-wake cycle

76
Q

What are the rehabilitation goals for the Acute Confusional State?

A
  • Behaviour consistency (regardless of situational stress)
77
Q

What are some conditions often confused with Disorders of Conciousness?

A
  • Brain Death
  • Anarthria
  • Locked-in Syndrome
78
Q

What is Brain Death?

A
  • Complete and irreversible loss of brain function
79
Q

What are the 3 clinical indicators of Brain Death?

A
  • Coma (of known cause)
  • Absence of Brainstem Reflexes
  • Apnea (cessation of breathing)
80
Q

What is Anarthria?

A
  • A severe form of dysarthria: a motor speech disorder
81
Q

What are the characteristics of Locked-in Syndrome?

A
  • Intact consciousness
  • sensation and cognition
  • paralysis of limbs and facial muscles
  • Some patients can communicate through vertical eye movements and blinking
82
Q

What is Locked-In Syndrome Caused by?

A
  • damage to the ventral pons and the corticospinal pathway
83
Q

Why is Locked-In Syndrome often misdiagnosed as a Disorder of Consciousness?

A
  • Lost speech and motor control
84
Q

How can you differentiate between Locked-In Syndrome and Disorder of Consciousness?

A
  • Locked-In syndrome brain metabolism is similar to healthy individual
85
Q

What terms are used to describe the level of Traumatic brain Injury?

A
  • Mild
  • Moderate
  • Severe
86
Q

Describe a Mild TBI

A
  • Lose of consciousness for 15min or less
  • Can be called a concussion
  • Some memory lose or dazed and confused
87
Q

Describe a Moderate TBI

A
  • Loss of Consciousness from 15min- a few hours
  • Days-weeks of memory loss or confusion
88
Q

Describe a Severe TBI

A
  • Unconscious for a significant amount of time
  • Less than 10% of all TBI
  • Can be Vegetative or minimally conscious state
89
Q

Name at least 6 possible symptoms of TBI (14)

A
  • Poor coordination
  • Blurred Vision
  • Headaches
  • Trouble speaking/swallowing
  • Trouble with bowel control
  • Motor impairments
  • Vision Problems
  • Poor Sexual Function
  • Personality changes
  • Memory impairments
  • Mood Swings
  • Trouble Choosing Vocabulary
  • Struggle with Reason, Focus, and Logic
  • Poor Concentration
90
Q

What are the ranges of the Glasgow Coma Scale?

A
  • 3-15
91
Q

What does a high score on the Glasgow Coma Scale mean?

A
  • Fully awake person
92
Q

What does a low score on the Glasgow Coma Scale mean?

A
  • Very Deep Coma
93
Q

What does a score of 13-15 on the Glasgow Coma Scale mean?

A
  • Mild TBI
94
Q

What does a score of 9-12 on the Glasgow Coma Scale mean?

A
  • Moderate TBI
95
Q

What does a score of 3-8 on the Glasgow Coma Scale mean?

A
  • Severe TBI
96
Q

What is Axonal Shearing?

A
  • Axons are stretched to the point of breaking, causing damaged brain cells to die
97
Q

What is a Brain herniation?

A
  • Rising pressure inside the brain, causing parts to shift out of place
98
Q

What is a Cerebral Atrophy?

A
  • Loss of nerve cells in the brain
  • Loss of connections in brain
  • Can be focused in one area or whole brain
  • Caused by stroke, trauma, or other disease
99
Q

What is an Edema?

A
  • Swelling inside the skull
  • Squeezing brain cells
  • Interrupts blood flow and oxygen to brain tissue
100
Q

What is a Hematoma

A
  • Pool of blood or bruise inside the skull
  • increase pressure in brain
  • Damaged blood vessels
101
Q

What is a Hemorrhage?

A
  • Internal or external bleeding caused by damaged blood vessel
102
Q

What is Intracranial Pressure Monitoring?

A
  • Monitoring of the pressure inside the skull using a threaded catheter or a sensor
103
Q

What is Shock?

A
  • Body response triggered by loss of blood to brain
  • Can indirectly injure brain tissue
104
Q

What is Sympathetic Storming?

A
  • Elevated stress response that occurs in a third of brain injuries
  • Can occur at any time
  • Possible sign of returning activity of the nervous system
105
Q

What are the consequences of damage? (TBI)

A
  • Clinical condition
  • Reduced Performance
106
Q

What is the Process of Damage?

A
  • Neurodevelopmental/degenerative
  • TBI
  • ABI
107
Q

What is the Cause of Damage?

A
  • Tumors
  • Infections
  • Genetics
  • Cervrovascular Disorders
  • Toxins
  • INjuries
108
Q

Who can Brain Injuries affect?

A
  • Anyone
109
Q

Who is most susceptible to TBI’s?

A
  • Children under 4
  • Adults between 15-25
  • Adults over 65
110
Q

What is the leading cause of death and disability for Canadians under the age of 40?

A
  • Brain Injury
111
Q

Which age range is more susceptible to TBI’s from Falls?

A
  • Children aged 0-14
  • Adults 45 years and older
112
Q

What is the most common cause of TBI for people aged 15-44 years?

A
  • Vehicle crashes
113
Q

What kind of TBi can be diagnosed using objective tools like CT scan?

A
  • Moderate and severe TBI
114
Q

What is influential in the Prognosis of a Mild TBI?

A
  • Extent of damage
  • location of damage
  • response time
  • treatment
115
Q

What are the primary damage/injury mechanisms of a Mild TBI?

A
  • Predominantly blast
  • non-penetrating
116
Q

How long does the loss of consciousness last for a Mild TBI?

A
  • under 30minutes
117
Q

How long does Amnesia last for a Mild TBI?

A
  • under 24 hours
118
Q

What are the imaging results of a Mild TBI?

A
  • Negative
119
Q

What are some comorbidities that occur with a Mild TBI?

A
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder
  • overlapping symptoms
120
Q

What is the outcome of a Mild TBI?

A
  • Transient neuropsychiatric deficits
  • Mostly full-recovery
  • Long-term neuropsychiatric especially after repeated injuries are frequent
121
Q

What are the Primary damage/injury mechanisms of a Moderate TBI?

A
  • frequently mixed
  • Blast + Acceleration/deceleration
  • Typically non-penetrating
122
Q

What is the time frame for an alteration to consciousness following a moderate TBI?

A
  • 30min - 24 hours
123
Q

How long is the Amnesia period for a Moderate TBI?

A

24 hours - 7 days

124
Q

What score on the Glasgow Coma Scale signifies a moderate TBI?

A

9-12

125
Q

What do imaging results for a moderate TBI show?

A
  • Transient Changes
126
Q

What are some comorbidities that occur with moderate TBIs?

A
  • PTSD
  • Other Injuries
127
Q

What are some outcomes of a moderate TBI?

A
  • Mild-to-moderate
  • Typically chronic
  • Neurological and neuropsychiatric abnormalities
128
Q

What are some primary damage/injury mechanisms of a severe TBI?

A
  • Complex
  • Blast + acceleration/deceleration + penetration
129
Q

What is the timeframe of alteration to consciousness for a Severe TBI?

A
  • more than 24 hours
130
Q

What is the timeframe for Amnesia in Severe TBI?

A

more than 7 days

131
Q

What is a score on the Glasgow Coma Scale that correlates with a severe TBI?

A
  • Under 9
132
Q

What are common imaging results of a Severe TBI?

A
  • Positive
  • Lasting Abnormalities
133
Q

What are some common comorbidities of a Severe TBI?

A
  • Polytrauma: multiple-organ injuries
134
Q

What are the outcomes of a severe TBI?

A
  • Death
  • Significant neurological and neuropsychiatric deficits
  • Severe, chronic physical and neuropsychiatric disabilities
135
Q

What are some symptoms of brain damage?

A
  • Headache or dizziness
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Sensitivity to Light
  • Ringing in the Ears
  • Fatigue
  • Vomiting
136
Q

What are the Four Major Categories of symptoms of Brain Damage?

A
  • Cognitive
  • Perceptual
  • Physical
  • Behavioural / emotional
137
Q

What are some cognitive symptoms of brain damage?

A

Reductions
- Thinking
- Attention Span
- Memory
- Decision-making

138
Q

What is some perceptual symptoms of brain damage?

A

Reduced
- senses
- spacial orientation
- temporal orientation

139
Q

What are some physical symptoms of brain damage?

A
  • Headaches
  • Fatigue
  • Consciousness issues
140
Q

What are some Behavioural/Emotional symptoms of brain damage?

A
  • Irritability
  • Changes in Affect
141
Q

What are some signs of a concussion?

A
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Disorientation
  • Incoherent Speech
  • Confusion
  • Memory Loss
  • Dazed or Vacant Stare
142
Q

Why is it important to monitor and watch for signs and symptoms of a concussion following a head injury? how long should you watch?

A

Why
- May not be immediately obvious
- can worsen over time
How long
- 48 hours

143
Q

What levels of TBI have been associated with Neurodegenerative Disease? What is the difference?

A

All of them
- Moderate and Severe TBI associated with increased risk of dementia
- Mild TBI: single injury does not increase risk.
- Repeated Mild TBI: linked to greater risk of CTE

144
Q

What is CTE?

A
  • Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
  • A form of Dementia
145
Q

Who is Aaron Hernandez? What did autopsies after his death reveal?

A

Former Professional Football player
- Arrested for murder
- Took his own life
Autopsies
- Revealed he had severe CTE

146
Q

What happens to neuroplasticity following a brain injury?

A
  • boosted
147
Q

What are the phases of neuroplasticity following a TBI?

A
  • Cell Dysfunction
  • Cell Genesis
  • Adaptive Plasticity
148
Q

What are the stages of Cell Dysfunction following a TBI?

A
  • Cell Death
  • Edema (swelling due to trapped fluid)
  • Metabolic Depression
  • Axonal Growth Inhibition
149
Q

What are the stages of Cell Genesis following a TBI?

A
  • Gliogenesis: supports neurons
  • Neurogenesis
  • Angiogenesis: Development of new blood vessels
150
Q

What are the phases of Adaptive Plasticity following a TBI?

A
  • Functional Plasticity: receptor function and cell signaling
  • Network re-learning
151
Q

Describe the Cell Dysfunction Phase of Neuroplasticity following a TBI.

A
  • cell death
  • decrease in cortical inhibitory pathways
  • Recruit or unmasking of latent and secondary neuronal networks
152
Q

Describe the Cell Genesis phase of neuroplasticity following a TBI

A
  • Neuronal Proliferation
  • Neuronal and Nonneuronal cells recruited to replace damaged cells
153
Q

Describe the adaptive Plasticity phase of neuroplasticity following a TBI

A
  • Systems remodeling
  • relearning
  • cortical changes for recovery
154
Q

What is the First Stage in Recovery from a TBI?

A
  • Spontaneous Reorganization
155
Q

What do Acute and immediate recovery of locally damaged brain tissue and subacute and chronic recovery involve?

A
  • Renewal and stabilization of functional brain networks
156
Q

What does enhanced neuroplasticity of the first stage of TBI recovery involve?

A
  • Activation of learning networks
  • facilitate relearning
157
Q

How do we compensate for lost function in TBI recovery?

A
  • Early recruitment of contralesional homologous brain regions or perilesional regions
158
Q

How long does Spontaneous Recovery last after brain damage?

A
  • Stroke: 3 months
  • TBI: 6 months
159
Q

When does the Upregulation of proteins involved in neuronal growth and guidance occur following TBI injury?

A
  • A relatively narrow window of time after injury
160
Q

What does the Spontaneous plasticity in recovery from brain damage reflect?

A
  • Development of compensatory motor patterns
  • not true recovery of the original kinematic patterns
161
Q

How can short-term plasticity following brain damage be harmful in the long term?

A
  • Contralateral homologous region recruitment becomes maladaptive (competing with recovering network)
  • Learned non-use
162
Q

What is Learned non-use?

A
  • Failure to re-associate the function to the relevant brain region during recovery
  • Result of Spontaneous Reorganization of Circuitry interfering with regaining of function
163
Q

What is the Second Stage of Recovery from brain damage?

A
  • Training-Induced Recovery
164
Q

How does training help with brain damage recovery?

A
  • Induce plastic changes in the brain
  • Promote Longer-term improvement
165
Q

What is the shift between early stages of recovery to later stages of recovery? Why does it happen?

A

Early
- Greater Neural Dynamics and flexibility
Later
- Increasing efficiency
- Decreasing Malleability
Why
- longer-term improvements

166
Q

What are the Activation Shifts during the rehabilitation process?

A
  • Early recruitment of contralesional homologous brain regions
  • Activation of learning structures
  • Settling toward an ipsilesional or distributed recruitment pattern
  • ## Successful functional recovery
167
Q

What is the idea of rehabilitation for brain injury?

A
  • Support the damaged system
  • relearning and restoring functional capacity
168
Q

What happens to cortical plasticity if subcortical connectivity is not preserved?

A
  • not possible
  • severe permanent deficits
169
Q

What might spontaneous plasticity with no directed training result in?

A
  • negative consequences resulting from maladaptive changes
170
Q

What is unknown about plasticity and rehabilitation limitations?

A
  • molecular mechanisms behind the recovery cascade
171
Q

What are the Static Protective Factors for promoting recovery following TBI?

A
  • Age
  • Sex/Gender
  • Cognitive Reserve
  • Psychiatric History
172
Q

How is Age a Protective Factor in TBI recovery?

A
  • Younger children reduced recovery
  • TBI may interact negatively with aging
  • Highest Recovery in older children and young adults
173
Q

How is Sex/Gender a Protective Factor in TBI recovery?

A
  • Men 3x more likely to die from TBI
  • Progesterone is a protective factor
174
Q

How does Progesterone act as a protective factor for TBI recovery?

A
  • Reduce Inflammation and Apoptosis in hippocampus
175
Q

How is intelligence and education level act as a protective factor for TBI recovery?

A
  • Cognitive Reserve effect
176
Q

What is a cognitive reserve effect?

A
  • Preinjury intellectual and cognitive abilities are predictive for recovery trajectory
177
Q

How does Psychiatric History Act as a Protective factor for TBI recovery?

A
  • Correlation between preinjury psychiatric disorders and novel psychiatric disorders following a TBI
178
Q

What is a Dynamic Protective Factor? How about a Static?

A

Dynamic
- Potential to be modified through intervention
Static
- Cannot be changed

179
Q

What are the four dynamic protective factors of TBI recovery?

A
  • Leveraging socioeconomic status
  • Family and Social Support
  • Nutrition
  • Exercise
180
Q

How is socioeconomic status a factor in TBI recovery? why is it dynamic?

A

How
Access to:
- appropriate medical care
- rehabilitation services
- educational training programs
- reduced stress
Why
- provide access to those things at different levels of SES (medcare)

181
Q

How are family and social support a protective factor in TBI recovery?

A
  • Improved family functioning
  • increased social support facilitate
  • Parental warm
  • Reduced stress
  • Decrease depression
  • Increase well-being
182
Q

How is nutrition a protective factor in TBI recovery?

A
  • Brain = high metabolic organ
  • Animal models support nutrition as protective factor
  • Human models inconsitent
183
Q

How is exercise a protective factor in TBI recovery?

A
  • Increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus
  • Supports learning and memory
  • Decrease neuronal apoptosis
  • Regular noncontact activities help
184
Q

What does it mean to find a sweet spot in brain rehabilitation?

A
  • Neuroplasticity benefits from active training
  • Brain is Vulnerable so needs to be protected

PSYC 301 (2 decks)

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