Quiz 4 Terms Flashcards
(37 cards)
Sensory Memory
- coming from perception of the 5 senses
- VERY short term
Short-term/Working Memory
- duration/capacity has no clear answer
- generally not retained beyond a few hours/days at most
Long-term Memory
- old information getting pulled up to be used in the moment
- short term -> long term through the process of encoding
Implicit vs. Explicit Memory
Implicit: another word for non-declarative, or knowing how
Explicit: another word for declarative, or knowing that
Non-declarative vs. Declarative Memory
Non-declarative: knowing how - a person is able to complete a task by using this memory
Declarative - knowing that - a person is able to discuss or describe what they remember using language
Unconscious vs. Conscious Memory
Unconscious - procedural, knowing how, non-declarative, implicit
Conscious - declarative, knowing that, explicit
Knowing That vs. Knowing How
Knowing How:
- procedural knowledge
- ex. playing piano, driving
- can be declarative, but with added procedural element
Knowing That:
- discrete factual information
- ex. What is the capital of France?
- a set of principled or organized knowledge
- can be learned and forgotten or centrally important
Double Dissociation
- a demonstration that two experimental manipulations (or two different neural regions) each have different effects on two dependent variables
- ex. Patient HM can complete learned physical tasks (non-declarative) but cannot explain what he learned (declarative) This provided evidence for multiple systems of memory
Implicit Memory (What is it?)
- Procedural learning
- Involved in Learning a new skill
- priming and perceptual learning
- classical conditioning
- non-associative learning (reflexes)
Implicit Memory (Neural Correlates)
- Procedural - striatum
- Priming and perceptual - neocortex
- Classical conditioning- amygdala and cerebellum
Implicit Memory - age effects
- largely age-invariant
- procedural memory: motor skill retention is good in OA, particularly when skills are frequently used
Metacognition
- the process of thinking about one’s own thinking, knowing about your own knowledge
- one’s perception of how much they think/know
Metamemory (what is it?)
- the ability to know what you will remember in the future
Metamemory (Neural correlates)
- takes place in the frontal lobes (responsible for metacognition)
Metamemory (age effects)
- Judgement of learning: intact for OAs
- Feeling of knowing
- semantic: intact
- episodic: impaired bc it relies on the ability to partially retrieve the target rather than just be familiar with it - OAs have difficulties adjusting memory strategies depending on task difficulty
- OAs expect memory decline, so they feel less control and effectiveness
- stereotype threat?
Judgement of learning (age effects)
- a person’s capacity to predict their recall during learning on each trial
- can be made immediately after learning or after a short delay
Feeling of knowing (age effects)
- a person’s capacity to predict their recognition of a non-recallable item
Short-term/Working memory (age effects)
-
Baddeley’s Working Memory Model
- storage
- visuo-spatial sketch pad
- phonological loop
- central executive control
- Short term storage
- executive control
Short-term Storage
- What is it?
- Age effects
- a temporary workspace to keep task-relevant information (simple span measures)
- limited age-related impairments
Executive control
- What is it?
- Age effects
- manipulates the content of storage (complex span tasks)
2. more substantial age-related impairments
Cross-sectional covariation
- examines shared variance between executive control/working memory and other measures of cognition and functional status
- covariation - examines shared variance between executive function and functional status
Neurocognition
- defines the functional anatomical or biochemical bases of age-related decline in executive control/working memory
- neuropsychology
- neuroimaging
- anatomical
- functional
Process analysis
- isolate specific processes affected by age
- ex. WCST
- identified the core processes that may affect multiple cognitive tasks
- may be too specific, can only identify age-related changes within the particular process
