Quiz 5 Flashcards
(24 cards)
How does one map a genome? (i.e. what do they use to create one)
Use Genetic markers
What is the difference between genetic maps and physical maps?
GM places a relative location on chromosomes
PM places genetic markers in the genome
Why do we complete genomic studies?
to study evolutionary relationships
What is the difference between the ability to create physical genome maps now (i.e. 2022) and forty years ago?
used to be expensive and would take decades to do, new tech is faster and easier
The Human Genome Project began in the 1980s, what was accomplished by 1995? When was the entire genome completely sequenced?
the physical map covered 94% of human genome, 2003 it was completed
How easy it is now to map our own individual genome?
Extremely simple
After the Human Genome Project was completed, it was found the number of genes in the human genome was _______________ genes. This represents only about 1.5 times as many genes as ______________ and nearly half as many genes as ______________.
20,000
Fruit Fly
Rice
Humans, _____________, and ______________ all have about the same number of genes, it just matters how they are expressed that make us different. Fill in the blanks.
Mice
Pufferfish
According to the video How to Sequence the Human Genome, what is the goal of genome sequencing?
Know the sequence of the billions of letters that make up your genome
According to the video How to Sequence the Human Genome, which of these statements do not describe a step of genome sequencing?
It is really big or really small and is packed in clumps
According to the video How to Sequence the Human Genome, how do we decipher what the genetic sequence means (in theory)?
Scientists are still working on it, but it is written in our DNA (we don’t know)
The Cancer Genome Project seeks the genetic basis of cancer. They have identified two categories of gene involved: oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. What occurs when (a) oncogenes or (b) tumor-suppressor genes mutate?
Oncogenes: cause cancer
Tumor-suppressor genes: lead to loss of function mutations and no longer can suppress mitosis from occurring
Genomics have helped to fill out a cancer framework by comparing tumor genomes with the genomes of matched normal tissue. Mutations that are found in a tumor genome are divided into “driver” and “passenger” mutations. What is the difference between these two mutation types
Driver- mutations that progressively over time lead towards you getting cancer
Passenger- accumulate over time
Genomics have helped to fill out a cancer framework by comparing tumor genomes with the genomes of matched normal tissue. When certain genetic mutations occur, what do the “driver” type of genes affect?
Signal transduction pathways, control of gene expression, chromatin structures and your metabolism
Genomics have helped to fill out a cancer framework by comparing tumor genomes with the genomes of matched normal tissue, however, what is the problem with using genomics as “cure-all” model for cancer treatments?
No one specific model where mutations in genes are explained for every type of cancer
Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ (the intron section of DNA) constitutes around 24% of the genome (exon around 1-1.5%).
Noncoding DNA within genes
Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are some regions of the chromosomes which remain highly condensed, tightly coiled, and untranscribed.
Structural DNA
Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ regions tend to be localized around the centromere or near the end of the chromosome (at the telomeres).
Constitutive Heterochromatin
Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are scattered within the genome and are usually 1 to 5 nucleotides such as CA or CGG repeated thousands of times.
Simple Sequence Repeats
Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are blocks of genomic sequences of 10,000 to 30,000 bp that have been duplicated and moved either within chromosomes or to a nonhomologous chromosome.
Segmental Duplications
Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are inactive genes which may have lost function due to mutations.
Pseudogenes
Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are 45% of the human genome and consists of DNA sequences that can move from in the genome to another (some have the ability to transcribe proteins as well).
Transposable elements
Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are miRNA that regulate some of the complex developmental processes in eukaryotes by down-regulating translation (i.e. does not allow it to occur if present).
microRNA genes
Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are noncoding RNA strands which also regulate gene expression and are important in the physiology and development of eukaryotes.
Long, non-coding RNA
