Quiz 5 Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
5 stages of lung development
A
1) Embryonic
2) Pseudoglandular
3) Canalicular
4) Saccular
4) Alveolar
2
Q
Embryonic lung development stage
A
3-7 weeks
- 1-3 branches, the vasculature begins to develop alongside
3
Q
Pseudoglandular stage of lung development
A
5-17 weeks
- vasculature further develops in the mesenchymal space
- surrounded by visceral pleura
4
Q
Canalicular stage of lung development
A
16-26 weeks
- branching down to bronchioles
- blood-gas barrier development (alveolar cells)
- lungs and vasculature getting close (most mesenchymal space is gone)
5
Q
Saccular stage of lung development
A
24-38 weeks
- growth stage, production of surfactant
- development of true alveolar sacs
- endothelial specialization into gas-exchange cells
6
Q
Alveolar stage of lung development
A
36 wks - 18 mo
- further growth
- ability to gas exchange at a high level
7
Q
What is the limit for preemies?
A
21 weeks, canalicular stage
- inability to oxygenate blood and create surfactant
8
Q
3 salivary glands
A
1) Parotid
2) Submandibular
3) Sublingual
9
Q
Parotid gland
A
100% serous secretions
10
Q
Submandibular
A
90% serous, 10% mucus
11
Q
Sublingual gland
A
50/50
12
Q
Where are serous demilunes found?
A
In mixed seroumucous glands
- due to mucus cells swelling, forcing serous cells to bulge towards BM
13
Q
Striated duct
A
simple columnar epithelium with basal striations
- mitochondria lined up against basal striations
- good spot for ion transporters
- modify luminal content
14
Q
Glandular duct sequence
A
Acini
secretory duct
intercalated duct
striated duct
excretory duct
15
Q
Are minor salivary glands mucus or serous?
A
100% mucus
- in lining epithelium
16
Q
Myoepithelial cells
A
Help to squeeze the duct and excrete product
17
Q
Importance of excretory duct lumen
A
Site of storage and replication of gut viruses
18
Q
Pancreas development
A
- ventral and dorsal bud
- ventral bud rotates to combine with dorsal bud
- ventral also gallbladder and liver
- contains tissue resident macrophages
19
Q
2 pancreatic ducts
A
1) Duct of Santorini
2) Duct of Wirsung
20
Q
Duct of Santorini
A
Comes from dorsal bud
21
Q
Duct of Wirsung
A
Comes from ventral bud, also called uncinate (hooked) process
- combines with common bile duct from liver
22
Q
Exocrine pancreas
A
Excrete zymogen granules to duodenum
- contains ductal cells, centroacinar cells, secretory acini
23
Q
Pancreatic duct sequence
A
secretory acini
intercalated (interlobular) ducts
interlobular ducts
pancreatic duct (excretory duct)
24
Q
Pancreatic Stellate cell
A
Exists subjacent to acinar basement membrane
25
Centroacinar cells
Bicarbonate secretion
26
Intercalated ducts in pancrease
Bicarbonate adjustment
27
Significant of capillaries in an endocrine gland
Serve to take product away into body
- ie. from islet of langerhans
28
Islets of Langerhans
Endocrine portion of pancreas
- undergo EMT to joint CT from trunk cells
- grow in low-O2 regions
- secrete basally
- contain alpha, beta and delta cells
29
alpha cells secrete
Glucagon
30
beta cells secrete
Insulin
31
delta cells secrete
Somatostation
- inhibits pancreatic secretions
32
2 lineages from pancreatic progenitor cells
1) Tip cells -> secretory acini
2) Trunk cells -> elaborate into ducts
33
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Gastrinoma (tumor) in islets, begins to produce Gastrin
34
Mammary glands evolved from
Sweat glands
35
Mammary gland duct sequence
Secretory Alveoli (active)/terminal ductules (inactive)
Intralobular ducts
Interlobular ducts
Lactiferous ducts
Lactiferous sinuses
36
Where are mammary stem cells found
scattered across the breast
37
Ductal tip cells
Precursors to mammary gland alveolar cells
38
Myoepithelial cells
contractile cells under nervous influence
39
Mammary stromal tissues
Contains CT and adipose tissue
40
Colostrum
First produced by mammary glands, then becomes milk
41
How are lipids and breast milk secreted from cells
Apocrine secretion
- portion of cell is pinched off
42
Proteins, carbs, serous products mode of secretion
Merocrine
- vesicles fuse with membrane and then are released
43
Antibody mode of cell secretion
Transcytosis
44
Vitamins, Salts, Hormones mode of secretion
Active transport
45
3 types of primitive kidneys and their locations
1) Pronephros - cervical
2) Mesonephros - segmentally along spine
3) Metanephros - within pelvis
46
Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct
Duct created via MET that directly drains pronephric glomeruli into peritoneal cavity
47
Formation of adult kidney
48
Mesonephros
Forms after degeneration of pronephros
- cranial-caudal development allows for production of more glomeruli
49
Metanephros
Ureteric bud branches off of mesonephric duct
- branching morphogenesis elaborates branches further
- metanephric cap undergoes MET to form Bowmans capsule and rest of tubules (DCT, PCT, loop of henle)
50
Cloaca
remnant connection between yolk sac and endoderm lumen
- connects with caudal end of meonephric duct
- splits into rectum and urinary/reproductive orifices
- separated by urorectal septum
51
renal vasulogenesis
Capillaries (glomerulus) punch into tubule to form Bowmans capsule
52
3 steps of nephrogenesis
1) Ureteric buds
2) Metanephric development (multiple branching events)
3) development at tips
53
Serous gland
secretes water-based substance
54
Mucus gland
secretes glycoprotein-like substance (mucus)
55
Do acinar glands have a lumen?
NO
56
Sites of hematopoiesis
1) Yolk sac
2) Liver and Spleen
3) Bone marrow
57
Yolk sac hematopoiesis
Formation of hematopoietic islands
- 3-4th week of gestation, peaks in 2nd month
58
Liver and spleen hematopoiesis
Begins in 5th week
- peaks at 5-6 mo gestation
59
Bone marrow hematopoiesis
Start of 5th month of gestation
- goes thru adulthood
60
Best spot for bone marrow biopsy
Iliac bone, far away from CNS
61
Yellow marrow
contains mostly adipocytes
62
Largest site of neutrophil sequestration
Postcapillary lung venules
- 50% of all PMNs are marginated
- released in response to stress, epinephrine
63
Lymphocyte sequestration
Stored in secondary lymphatic organs
- Thymus, BALT, MALT
64
Vasculogenesis definition
Creation of a vessel out of CT
- MET from extra embryonic mesoderm to form vessels
- accompanied by creation of blood islands
65
2 models of vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis
1) All come from mesoderm
2) Hemogenic endothelium differentiates into:
- further hemogenic endothelium
- HSC
66
Angiogenesis
Growth of existing vessels
ex. tip cells are nucleation site to direct stalk cells to form a lumen
67
Type of vessels in vascular sinus of bone marrow
Large marrow sinusoidal capillaries
68
Stroma consists of
Adipose tissue
Fibroblasts
CT
Endothelium
69
Is storm or parenchyma functional
Stroma is structural, parenchyma is functional
70
Contribution of storm to hematopoiesis
All marrow stroll cells are active in regulating, supporting and controlling hematopoiesis
71
Parenchyma consists of
Developing blood cells (hematopoietic islands)
72
Two theories of HSC progenitor differentiation
1) HSC to CLP/CMP
2) Energy well theory
73
HSC to CLP/CMP theory
1) CLP (lymphocytes
2) CMP (everything else)
- CFU-Eo: eosinophils
- CFU-B: basophils
- CFU-GM
- CFU-Megakaryocyte
- BFU-E -> CFU-E: erythrocytes
74
Which progenitors are sensitive to EPO
BFU-E and CFU-E
75
Can precursors self-renew?
Nahhhh
76
CSF (colony-stimulating factors)
Chemokine used to exert control of hemopoiesis
- Act on progenitor populations
- G-CSF: granulocyte lineage
- GM-GSF: granulocyte/monocyte lineage
77
Sequence of RBC differentiation
BFU-E, CFU-E
Proerythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatphilic erythroblast
Orthochromatophillic erythroblast
Reticulocyte
78
Does a polychromatophilic have mainly ribosomes or hemoglobin
Both lol
Basophilic erythroblast: mainly ribosomes
Polychromatic erythroblast: both
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast: mainly hemoglobin
79
Where is EPO found
Cortical Interstitum
80
How do Band cells enter the vasculature
Pierce endothelial cells (donut)
81
Granule sequence
No granules
Primary azurophilic granules
Secondary specific granules
82
Megakaryocytes
Proplatelet strings into platelet demarcation channels
83
Endomitotic division
DNA replication without cytokinesis
- 2n2x, 2n3x, 2n6x
84
Megakaryocyte growth naming
Megakaryoblasts (early) -> Megakaryocytes -> Promegakaryocytes (late)
- nucleus complexity increases
85
How long do platelets last in circulation
10 days
86
Anemia vs Leukemia
Anemia: RBC
Leukemia: WBC
87
Anemia
reduction in O2 carrying capacity of blood
- too few or too many RBC, too large/small, wrong shape
88
1st letter in leukemia
A - acute, few mature circulating WBC
C - chronic, abnormal function
89
2nd letter in leukemia
M - myelogenous, affect myeloid cells
L - lymphocytic, affect lymphatic cells
90
3rd letter in leukemia
L - leukemia, abnormal proliferation of leukocytes
91
Acute leukemia
Very few nature WBC
- marrow has immature non-differentiated quickly-dividing cells
- anemia and bleeding are common due to overcrowding
92
Autologous stem cell transplant
Stem cells harvested before irradiation, then replaced
- chance of cancer recurrence
93
Allogenic stem cell transplant
Cells of HLA-matched donor
94
Vermilion Border
Transition between SSK and SSNK of lips
95
Masticatory mucosa
Found on hard palate, gingiva (gums) and filiform papillae
- these are areas exposed to frictional and shearing forces
96
Masticatory mucosa epithelium
SSK or Parakeratinized
97
Lining mucosa epithelium
SSNK
- typically thicker than masticatory epithelium except under tongue (doesn't experience as much friction)
98
Lining mucosa
Found in remainder of oral cavity
99
Why is the lining mucosa under the tongue thinner
More permeable, submucosa layer contains large blood and lymphatic vessels
- allows for rapid absorption of certain medications
100
Specialized mucosa
Found where taste buds are, soft palate and pharynx
101
Specialized mucosa epithelium
modified, elongated epithelial cells
- usually contains epithelium and lamina propria
102
Periodontal Ligament
CT
- very vascularized
- lots of innervation
103
Tongue
Composed largely of skeletal muscle
- dorsal epithelium consists of papillae
104
tongue development
1) Oral part: 1st pharyngeal arch
2) Pharyngeal part: 3-4th pharyngeal arch
105
What happens to the papillae on the posterior part of the tongue
Replaced by lingual tonsils (lymphatic tissue)
106
4 types of papillae
1) Filliform
2) Fungiform
3) Circumvallate
4) Foliate
107
Filliform papillae
Keratinized sheet-like projections that lack taste buds
- used to compress/break food
108
Fungiform papillae
Most numerous paella containing taste buds
- chemoreceptors, used for taste
109
Circumvallate papillae
10-20, large, back tongue, present on lateral surface facing moat
- von Ebner's glands
- used for taste
110
von Ebner's glands
100% serous secretions to the bottom of moat
111
Foliate
Leaf-like, lateral surface in dogs, not found in humans after infancy
- exist in posterolateral surface
- used for taste
112
Pulp cavity
Innervated, vascularized CT
113
Enamel
Avascular, hardest, most mineralized surface in the body (95%)
- produced from ameloblasts before eruption
114
Amelogenin
Substitute for fibrillar collagen, allows for high mineral content
115
Do ameloblasts exist after eruption?
Nah boiii
116
Odontoblasts
Produce pre-dentin, present on inner surface facing pulp cavity
117
Dentinal tubules
Created by odontoblasts, sense dentin damage and tell pulp nerves
- cold stimulus via special ion channel in odontoblast membrane
118
Junctional epithelium
Prevents bacterial entry into adjacent soft tissues
- high rate of turnover
- old cells slough off into gingival sulcus
- low density of desmosomal connections
119
Specialty of the junctional epithelium
2 basement membranes
1) External against gingival CT: modified to allow easy access for immune cells
2) Internal (apical BM): binds w/ tooth enamel (can reform quickly)
120
Cementum
Produced by cement oblasts which become cementocytes in lacunae
- acellular near cervix
- 50% mineralization
121
Sharpeys fibers
Consist of type 1 collagen
- connect PDL to cementum and surrounding bone (mandible or maxilla)
122
Tooth development stages
1) dental lamina stage
2) cap stage
3) bell stage
4) root stage
123
Dental lamina stage
Oral epithelium invaginates in specific spots on dental ridge
- subjacent ectomesenchymal tissues condenses (future pulp cavity)
124
Cap stage
Creation of enamel organ
- inner and outer enamel epithelium
- stellate reticulum
125
Inner enamel epithelium
basal portion of enamel organ sac
126
outer enamel epithelium
remainder of sac lining
127
Stellate reticulum
Cells on inside of the sac
- pull inner enamel epithelium into correct shape
128
Bell stage
Inner enamel epithelium elongates to produce shape of anatomical crown
- dental lamina begins to degenerate
- dentin and enamel production begins
129
Cervical loop
Point where inner and outer enamel epithelia meet
130
Pattern of enamel and dentin creation
1) Ameloblasts induce formation of odontoblasts from ectomesenchyme
2) Odontoblasts begin to form dentin
3) Induces Ameloblasts to secrete enamel against dentin
131
Ameloblast polarity
Reverse polarity, enamel is secreted from apical surface
132
Reduced enamel epithelium
Formed once ameloblasts have finished secreting enamel
- protect tooth as it erupts
133
Root stage
Formation of cementum and growth of roots, causing eruption
- degeneration of enamel organ
134
Cementum
Product of ectomesenchyme
- covers surface of root
135
Hertwig's root sheath
Extension of inner enamel epithelium past cervical loop
- organizes dentin root formation
136
Dental follicle
Cementum, PDL, alveolar bone
137
4 basic teeth shapes
1) incisor
2) canine
3) pre-molar
4) molar
138
How many deciduous and how many permanent teeth
20, 32
139
Are the foregut, hindgut and midgut innervated by the vagus nerve?
Yes to foregut and midgut
No to hindgut
140
Mesentery
double-fold of visceral peritoneum that suspends the intestines
- CT surrounded by mesothelium
- blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels
141
Omentum
Suspends the stomach
142
Esophagus, duodenum, lower rectum, anal canal...serosa or adventitia?
Mostly adventitia
143
Colon...serosa or adventitia?
varies
144
Stomach, jejunum, ileum...serosa or adventitia?
Serosa
145
Is the gut brain myelinated or unmyelinated?
Unmyelinated
146
What is the gut brain derived from?
Neural Crest Cells
147
Gut brain, para or sympathetic?
Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division
- cell bodies and fibers of postganglionic parasympathetic
- local cell connection fibers
148
What is located between OLL and ICL and what does it do?
Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus
- regulates peristalsis
- local contraction-relaxation reflex
149
What is located in the submucosa and what does it do?
Submucosal plexus, regulates glandular secretions
150
Enteroendocrine cells
Release NT's in presence of chyme
- located in pits of villi
- delaminate during development to form pancreatic islets
151
L cells
Type of enteroendocrine cell
- secrete GLP-1, found in ileum and large intestine
152
Appearance of enteric nerve ganglia
Large, pyramidal, large euchromatic nucleus
153
Interstitial cell of Canal
Intrinsic rhythm generators
154
NCC migration in gut
Initially cranially and aurally, then migrate along gut tube until they overlap
- lack of overlap leads to paralysis and gut distention
155
Esophagus epithelium
SSNK
156
2 types of glands present in esophagus
1) Cardiac glands in lamina propria
2) Submucosal glands
157
Esophageal cardiac glands
Secrete pH-neutral mucin
- in lamina propria
- distal towards stomach
158
Submucosal glands (Esophageal glands proper)
most mucus, some serous
- stratified cuboidal duct epithelium
159
Muscularis externa is different in esophagus how
Contains skeletal muscle
160
Explain the 2 esophageal sphincters
1) Anatomical: upper thicker
2) Physiological: lower, more muscle tone
161
Esophageal mucosa
SSNK with pyknotic nuclei on apical surface
- basophilic basal layer (very mitotic)
162
Esophagogastric junction
Z line: change from SSNk to simple columnar epithelium
163
Barretts esophagus
Metaplasia at Z-line
- SSNK becomes simple columnar
- dysplasia and possible esophageal adenocarcinoma
164
Stomach mucosa
1) Cardiac glands
2) Gastric glands
3) Pylorus
165
Stomach cardiac glands
Secrete mucus
166
Gastric (principal, fundic) glands
Found in fundus and body
167
Cells found in gastric glands, top to bottom
Surface mucus cell
Mucus neck cell
Stem cell
Parietal cell
Chief cell/G cell
stem cells somewhere
168
Gastric stem cells
Found at neck
169
Mucus neck cells
Secrete acidic fluid containing mucin
170
Surface mucus cell
Secrete alkaline fluid containing mucin
171
Parietal cells
Secrete intrinsic factor and HCl
- eosinophilic due to abundant mitochondria
- canaliculi with abundant microvilli, allowing fro many H+ and Cl- pumps
172
Chief cells
Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
- very basophilic bc lots of rough ER
- apical zymogen granules
- wedge shape
173
G cell
Secrete Gastrin into blood basally
174
Pyloric pits
Found at pyloric sphincter, long pits, short glands
- Mostly mucus cells, some enteroendocrine cells
175
Rugae
Deep fold made of mucosa and submucosa
176
How far do the pits go in the fundus and body of the stomach
Pits go all the way down to muscularis mucosae
177
Peptic (gastric) ulcer
Acid and pepsin destroy mucosa to make fissure
178
Pyloric sphincter
Thickening of ICL in muscularis externa
179
Where are pits and where are crypts
Pits in stomach
Crypts in small/large intestine
180
Sequence of cells above the dental papilla
Stellate reticulum
Stratum intermedium
Pre-ameloblasts
Dental Papilla
181
Odontoclasts
Blood-borne macrophages which resorb deciduous teeth making them fall out
182
Lingual
towards tongue
183
Mesial
towards midline
