Quiz 5 Flashcards
(48 cards)
3 Stages of Memory
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
Encoding
Formation of mental representations
(a.k.a. Memories)
Formation of a memory Trace
Storage
Storage of Mental Representations in LTM
Retrieval
Retrieval of mental representations in LTM
The types of cognitive processes that we engage
in during ______ affect our ability to
later remember information.
Encoding
the durability of a memory is a function of the processes
engaged during learning
deeper/more elaborative analysis during learning results
in a more persistent memory
semantic (meaning-based) processing during learning
results in a more persistent memory than
nonsemantic processing
Levels of Processing Framework
Processing information in relation
to our self-concept enhances memory
Self-Reference Effect
participants purposefully
try to learn new information in anticipation
of a memory test
Intentional Encoding
during learning participants
are not aware that their memory will be
tested later
Incidental
refers to the
self-selection and intentional use of a specific set of
cognitive processes to encode new information.
Self-initiated encoding strategy use
People are more likely to remember
information if they retrieve or generate it during
study than if they simply receive it and try to
“memorize” it
Generation Effect
Listen to a paragraph
Try to comprehend and remember it
Rate how easy it was to comprehend
Recall as many ideas as possible
Bransford & Johnson (1973)
Understanding leads to a richer net of connections at the ______ stage
Encoding
Massed learning sessions result in better immediate memory
Spaced learning sessions result in better long term
memory
Spacing Effect
older memories are more
durable than memories acquired more
recently
Ribot’s Law (1882)
process of storing a mental
representation of a life event into long-term
memory and increasing its strength
- slow process
Consolidation
relational mental representations are initially stored in
the hippocampus
- non-relational mental representations are initially stored in cortical regions (e.g., sounds in auditory cortex, etc.) - the hippocampus is initially needed to bind and retrieve relational mental representations - eventually cortical regions can support retrieval of relational mental representations without the hippocampus
System Consolidation Theory
Common method of calculating recognition
memory performance:
Hits – False Alarms
= (# hits / # old words) – (# false alarms / # new words)
Dual-Process Model of Recognition
Recollection
Familiarity
the ability to consciously retrieve
specific details of previous encounters with
an item, person, location, etc.
Recollection
– a sense of familiarity without the ability
to retrieve specific details of previous
encounters with an item, person, location, etc
Familiarity
Lesion Evidence for Dual Process Model
KN – bilateral hippocampal damage due to meningitis
Memory is lost in the system rather than from the system.
Example: Tip of the Tongue (TOT)
Retrieval Failure
Ss study lists of 48 items (4 words/12 categories).
½ Ss do free recall; remember 40%
½ Ss do cued recall; remember 62%
Free recall group recalled only a portion of what they could remember.
Tulving & Pearlstone (1966
