Quiz 5: Lecture: Cerebrum Flashcards
1
Q
What is the largest part of the brain?
A
Cerebrum (Cortex)
2
Q
What controls thoughts and intellectual functions & processes somatic sensory and motor information?
A
Cerebrum (cortex)
3
Q
What is the cerebrum (cortex) divided into?
A
Left and right cerebral hemispheres
4
Q
What is more elaborate in humans than in other vertebrates?
A
Cerebrum (cortex)
Mice have smooth/not as much cortical tissue
5
Q
Parts of cerebrum:
A
Gyrus, Sulcus, Cerebral cortex, Cerebral white matter, Fissure
6
Q
What is the Cerebrum also called?
A
Cerebral cortex
7
Q
What does the folded surface of the cerebrum do?
A
Increases surface area
8
Q
Gyri
A
Elevated ridges
9
Q
Sulci
A
Shallow depressions
10
Q
Fissures
A
Deep grooves
11
Q
What is a deep sulcus called?
A
Fissure
12
Q
What are some examples of fissures?
A
Longitudinal fissure, Sylvian fissure
13
Q
How long is the cerebrum?
A
2 1/2 feet (consistent amount)
14
Q
Gray matter location
A
In cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
15
Q
White matter location
A
Deep to basal cortex, Around basal nuclei
16
Q
What comprises gray matter?
A
cell bodies and dendrites (subcortical)
17
Q
What comprises white matter?
A
axon (which part of neuron)
18
Q
Which part makes myelin?
A
Aligodendricytes
19
Q
What makes gray matter gray?
A
Nissil (ribosomes)
20
Q
Top to bottom of brain
A
Corona radiata, gyrus; lateral ventricle, septum pellucidum; thalamus, 3rd ventricle; caudate, putamen; temporal lobe; substantia nigra (pars compacta), peduncle; Pons, medulla
21
Q
What are the 4 structures of the cerebrum?
A
Gyri of neural cortex, Insula (island) of neural cortex, Longitudinal fissure, Lobes
22
Q
Gyri of neural cortex function
A
Increase surface area (number of cortical neurons)
23
Q
Insula (island) of cortex location
A
Lies medial to lateral sulcus
24
Q
Where does the Insula (island) of cortex receive information from?
A
limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia
25
Longitudinal fissure function
Separates cerebral hemispheres
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Lobes function
Divisions of hemispheres named after overlying skull bones
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The cerebrum parts on picture
Frontal lobe: Top left
Central sulcus: Top middle
Gyri of insula: Middle
Temporal lobe (pulled down): Bottom left
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3 structures of the Cerebrum
Central sulcus, Lateral sulcus, Parieto-occipital sulcus
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Central sulcus divides:
Anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe
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Lateral sulcus divides:
Frontal and Parietal lobe from temporal lobe
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Parietal-occipital sulcus divides:
Parietal lobe from occipital lobe
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Three functional principles of the cerebrum:
- Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and send motor commands to, the opposite side of the body (contralateral)
- The 2 hemispheres have different functions, although their structures are alike
- Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise
33
Lateral view (front to back):
Frontal lobe, Lateral sulcus, Precentral gyrus, Central gyrus, Postcentral gyrus, Parietal lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe (bottom middle), Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla oblongata
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What is one main function of the frontal lobe?
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
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What is the posterior border for the frontal lobe?
Central sulcus
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What is the anterior lobe for the parietal lobe?
Central sulcus
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Parietal lobe function
Involved in constant perception of touch, pain, posture, vibration, etc.
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What is below the Sylvian fissure?
Temporal lobe
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Types of gyrus
Superior, middle, and inferior
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What other functions are in the temporal lobe?
Hippocampus (involved in learning and memory), Amygdala
41
Midsaggital section of brain (front and back):
Temporal lobe, Frontal lobe, Cingulate gyrus, Precentral gyrus, Central sulcus, Postcentral gyrus, Parietal lobe, Parieto-occipital sulcus, Occipital lobe, Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla oblongota
42
White matter of the cerebrum are made of (3):
Association fibers, Commissural fibers, and Projection fibers
43
Association fibers (white matter of the cerebrum)
Connections within one hemisphere consist of:
Arcuate fibers and Longitudinal fasciculi
44
Arcuate fibers function
Short fibers; Connect one gyrus to another
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Longitudinal fasciculus function
Longer bundles; Connect frontal lobe to other lobes in same hemisphere
46
Commiseral fibers (white matter of the cerebrum):
Bands of fibers connecting two hemispheres; Corpus callosum (about 200 million axons), Anterior commissure (about 50k axons)
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What structure makes up the wall of the 3rd ventricle?
Caudate
48
What theory did Roger Sperry disprove?
Blank slate theory (Any neuron can do another neuron’s job- didn’t”t know about localization)
49
What did Roger Sperry discover about the brain?
He found that the human brain has specialized functions on the right and left, and that the two sides can operate practically independently.
50
Projection fibers (white matter of the cerebrum):
pass through the diencephalon; Link cerebral cortex with diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord, and internal capsule
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What is the internal capsule?
all ascending and descending projection fibers
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Anterior view of the Cerebrum:
Upper middle: Longitudinal fissure
To the side: Projection fibers of internal capsule
Middle middle: Corpus callosum
Lower middle: Anterior commissure
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What separates the motor and sensory areas of the Cortex?
Central sulcus
54
Motor areas comprise these 3:
Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe; Primary motor cortex; Pyramidal cells
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Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe function
Directs voluntary movement
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Primary motor cortex is the surface of:
Precentral gyrus
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Pyramidal cells are neurons of:
Primary motor cortex
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Sensory areas of the Cortex are made up of (2):
Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe, Primary sensory cortex
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Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe function:
receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature)
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Primary sensory cortex is the surface of:
Postcentral gyrus
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The 4 special sensory cortexes are:
Visual cortex, Auditory cortex, Olfactory cortex, Gustatory cortex
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Visual cortex location and function
Occipital lobe; Information from sight receptors
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Auditory cortex location and function
Temporal lobe; Informaton from sound receptors
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Olfactory cortex location and function
Temporal lobe; Information from odor receptors
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Gustatory cortex location and function
Moves- parietal, inferior, lateral (google says frontal and insular lobes)
Information from taste receptors
66
The Cerebrum: Association areas
Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses
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Sensory association areas function
Monitor and interpret arriving information at sensory areas of cortex
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Somatic motor association area (premotor cortex) function
Coordinates motor responses (learned movements)
69
What are the 3 sensory sssociation areas?
Somatic sensory association area, Visual association area, Auditory association area
70
Somatic sensory association area function
Interprets input to primary sensory cortex (e.g., recognizes and responds to touch)
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Visual association area function
Interprets activity in visual cortex
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Auditory association area function
Monitors auditory cortex
73
Integrative Centers are located:
in lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres
74
Integrative centers function
Receive information from association areas; Direct complex motor and analytical activities
(Help put everything together)
75
General interpretive Area is also called
Wernicke’s area
76
General interpretive area is present in:
Only one hemisphere
77
General interpretive area function
Receives information from all sensory association area; Coordinates access to complete visual and auditory memories
78
Other integrative areas of the cerebrum include (2):
Speech center, Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe, Brodmann areas
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What is the speech center associated with? What is its function?
Associated with general interpretive area; Coordinates all vocalization functions
80
Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe function:
Integrates information from sensory association areas, Performs abstract intellectual activities (ex: predicting consequences of events or actions)
81
The left hemisphere generally contains the:
General interpretive area and the Speech center
82
The prefrontal cortex of each hemisphere is involved with:
Conscious intellectual functions
83
What are Brodmann areas?
Patterns of cellular organization in cerebral cortex
84
Hemispheric Lateralization
Functional differences between left and right hemispheres; Each cerebral hemisphere performs certain functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere
85
Which hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere?
Left hemisphere
86
In most people, left brain (dominant) controls:
Reading, writing, and math; Decision making; Speech and language
87
Right central hemisphere relates to:
Senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel); Recognition (faces, voice inflections)
88
Left cerebral hemisphere parts (front to back):
Prefrontal cortex, Speech center, Writing, Auditory cortex, General interpretive center (language and mathematical calculation), Visual cortex (right visual field)
89
Right cerebral hemisphere parts (front to back):
Prefrontal cortex, Anterior commissure, Analysis by touch, Auditory cortex, Spatial visualization and analysis, Visual cortex (left visual field)
90
Brain activity is assessed by:
An electroencephalogram (EEG)
91
How are EEGs used to monitor brain activity?
Electrodes are placed on the skull, Patterns of electrical activity (brain waves) are printed out
92
What are the 4 categories of brain waves?
Alpha waves, Beta waves, Theta waves, Delta waves
93
Alpha waves:
Found in healthy, awake adults at rest with eyes closed
94
Beta waves
Higher frequency; Found in adults concentrating or mentally stressed
95
Theta waves
Found in children; Found in intensely frustrated adults; May indicate brain disorder in adults
96
Delta waves
During sleep; Found in awake adults with brain damage
97
The Cerebrum Synchronization
A pacemaker mechanism (Synchronizes electrical activity between hemispheres); Brain damage can cause desynchronization
98
The Cerebrum Seizure
Is a temporary cerebral disorder; Changes the electroencephalogram; Symptoms depend on regions affected
99
The neural cortex is found on the surface of the ____.
Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum
100
Axons of mitral cells of the olfactory bulb project to the:
olfactory cortex
101
Olfaction (bottom to top):
Mucous membrane of nasal cavity, Olfactory receptors, Cribiform plate of ethmoid, Mitral cells, Olfactory bulb, To olfactory cortex
102
Where do the striate arteries enter the brain?
Anterior perforated substance
103
Ventral view of brain for olfaction (front to back; left then right)
Frontal lobe, Olfactory bulb (with cut ends of olfactory nerves), Olfactory tract, Anterior commissure, Temporal lobe, Note location of Uncus relative to brain stem, Cut surface of brainstem
Orbitofrontal cortex, Anterior perforated substance, Rhinal sulcus, Uncinate gyrus (Uncus), Parahippocampal gyrus, Cut surface of brainstem
104
Components of the Visual System:
Retina, Optic nerve, Optic tract, Lateral geniculate nucleus, Optic radiation, Primary visual cortex
105
The Visual System parts (4):
Eyeball, Optic nerve, Optic chiasm, Optic tract
106
Direction of Visual System:
Optic nerve > Optic chiasm > Optic tract > LGN of thalamus > Occipital lobe
107
The Visual System parts (front to back):
Optic tract, Optic nerve, Optic radiation, Lateral geniculate nucleus, Optic chiasm, Eyeball
108
Lesions of specific segments of the visual system produce:
Typical visual field defects
109
Approaches to the Study of Brain Function
Animals and humans: anatomy, physiology, and behavior
Tract tracing; Single unit recordings; Behavioral studies, pharmacology
110
Approaches to the Study of Brain Function
Patients with focal brain lesions
Behavioral studies & post-mortem anatomy; Structural imaging: In vivo structure/function correlations
111
Approaches to the Study of Brain Function
Neuroimaging/brain mapping
Functional neuroimaging
112
Localization of function in the Nervous System is based on
Phrenology (based on racism)
113
What is Broca responsible for?
Localization of Function in Nervous System; finding Broca’s area
114
Lateralization of language on
Left
115
Localization of function in the nervous system: Imaging inside the brain
Computed tomography (CT)
brain imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain
116
Preferred method for looking for strokes, tumors, bone fractures
CT
117
Imaging inside the brain-
Before:
Now:
Before: took them through serial
Now: spiral technology (faster, defined)
118
Brain imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
119
Computer makes a sort of “movie” of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods
Functional MRI (fMRI)
120
brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity
Positron emission tomography (PET)
121
How does PET work?
Take baseline measurement then ask questions; areas of increased metabolism; seeing increases and decreases in change in activity
122
Claustrum
Was thought to be on, off switch but not true
