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Watershed > Quiz 6+7 > Flashcards

Quiz 6+7 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Infiltration

A

Process in which water enters soils

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2
Q

Percolation/drainage

A

Downward movement of water within soil after infiltration

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3
Q

What does high Bulk Density do to infiltration

A

Higher BD = less infiltration

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4
Q

Bulk density

A

Ratio of mass of soil to total volume

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5
Q

Porosity

A

Ratio of volume of pore space to total volume

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6
Q

Volumetric water content

A

Volume water to total volume

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7
Q

Finer soil affects on water movement

A

Finer soils have more porosity but less infiltration

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8
Q

Gravity

A

Dominant force on movement of water through large pores

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9
Q

Capillary action

A

Dominant force moving water into finer pores

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10
Q

Capillarity

A

Flow of water through porous mediums due to combined forces of surface tension (cohesion) and absorption (adhesion)

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11
Q

Small pores ____ first while large pores ______ first

A

1.)Fill
2.)drain

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12
Q

Small pores

A

Fill first (high suction) large pores fill last (low suction)
Final infiltration capacity controlled by largest pores

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13
Q

Finer soil hydraulic conductivity

A

Lower rates of hydraulic conducity in finer soils

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14
Q

Variable that describes deep drainage and water movement rates

A

Hydraulic conductivity

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15
Q

Vegetation effects on infiltration

A

Increases infiltration because they decrease bulk density by adding macro pores

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16
Q

Infiltration capacity

A

Highest rates of infiltration is at the beginning of rain storm

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17
Q

Fo

A

Initial infiltration capacity
-max infiltration capacity
-capillary action more prominent than gravity

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18
Q

Fc

A

Final constant infiltration capacity
- max rate in which water can enter souk under saturated conditions

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19
Q

Infiltration capacity

A

Max rate at which water can enter soil under continually flooded conditions.

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20
Q

Infiltration rate

A

Actual rate at which water enters the soil.

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21
Q

Vadose zone

A

Adhesion holds h20 here
-the unsaturated portion of the subsurface above the ground water table
-represents a critical storage reservoir, source of water for ground water
- unsaturated water/flow (matric potential and gravitational)

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22
Q

Hydroscopic water

A

(Wilting point)
Remaining h20 adheres to soil particles and is unavailable to plants
Lowest matric potential

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23
Q

Capillary water

A

Waterheld in micropores
(Available water)
Middle matric potential

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24
Q

Gravitational water

Study These Flashcards
A

Drains out root zone
(Field capacity)
Highest matric potential

25
Matric potential
-the portion of water potential related to forces holding water in the soil matrix -a measure of the soil water availability to plants and the mobility of water
26
Saturation
When all soil pores are filled with water
27
Field capacity
Soil water held in soil after excess water has drained away
28
Turgorloss point (Wilting point)
Min amount of water in the soil the plant required not to wilt. If water drops below this point a plant wilts and can no longer recover its turbidity.
29
Plant available water
Water held between field capacity and Wilting point
30
Infiltration factors
- texture and porosity -biological activity -duff thickness -soil temperature -quality of water
31
Water repellency
-can happen naturally in forest soils -water fires cause this by activating molecules
32
More OM and more CLAY
Makes soil more water repellent
33
Soil moisture content
- lower infiltration rates in wet soils
34
Overland flow in PNW
RARE
35
Mitigation of impacts
-low impact tires -designated trails -tillage or scarification -slash on ground or frozen ground
36
Ground water
-ground water is NOT water that simply exist in the subsurface - ground water is water that occurs within the zone of saturation beneath earth's surface -almost all ground water is meteoric(from the atmosphere)
37
Water table (phrearic surface)
Ground space where pores are completely saturated with water Phreatic zone = saturated storage/flow
38
Phreatic zone movement
Driven by pressure potential and gravitational -pressure = amount -gravitational = position
39
Recharge
-water percolating downward from land surface to ground water - common in areas of course soils -net saturated ground water flow is AWAY from the water table
40
Discharge
-flow of ground water from the subsurface to the surface. -net saturated groundwater flow directed toward the water table
41
Local flow
Recharge area (topographic high) and discharge area (topographic low) directly adjacent to each other
42
Intermediate
One or more topographic highs/lows between recharge and discharge areas
43
Regional
Recharge area at major regional topographic high and discharge at major regional topographic low
44
Aquifer
Saturated permeable geologic unit that can transmit significant quantities of water under ordinary hydraulic gradients -water table defines upper boundary -upper boundary fluctuate -recharhe primarily from vertically percolating water
45
Aquitard
Saturated geological unit permeable enough to transmit water significant to regional groundwater systems, but not sufficient to production wells
46
Aquiclude
Saturated geological unit NOT capable of transmitting significant quantities of water under ordinary hydraulic gradients
47
Confined aquifer
Aquifer bounded above and below by confining layers or layers with significantly lower hydraulic conductivity -boundary of flow doesn't change with time
48
Artesian aquifer
-piezoelectric surface above top of confined aquifer -artesian conditions = ground in a continued aquifer is under positive pressure
49
Flowing artesian aquifer
-if piezoelectric surface above ground water h20 flows -primary control is topography
50
Saturated groundwater flow
Total = gravitational potential (pressure potential)
51
Hydraulic head
-Overall potential energy at a given site expressed as a depth -sum of the forces of gravity and pore pressure -determined based on the elevation to which water rises in a piezometer
52
Darcys law
-higher water column = greater volumetric flow rate -volumetric flow rate in saturated conditions is inversely proportional to length the water has to travel
53
Saturated hydraulic conductivity
-determined by the properties of the medium and the fluid -significant Spatial variability -most variability due to grain size and configuration
54
Make of aquifers and aquitards
Aquifers=gravel, sand, silty sand Aquitards=clay, unfractured basalt, glacial till
55
Hyporheic zone
-saturatwd sediments beneath a stream bed, extending laterally beneath the banks -the sub surface zone where water is exchanged between surface and ground water
56
Effluent gaining streams
Stream that gains water from ground water discharge -most permanent perennial -lots if hyperic exchange
57
Influent closing streams
-stream in a recharge zone -turn off and on throughout the year
58
Hydraulic head equations
=elevation + pressure head (the two lengths given) Hydraulic gradient = change in Hydraulic head / L(elevation - elevation)

Watershed (6 decks)

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