quiz #7

Question 1

Developmental theories

Answer 1

they provide a framework for examining, describing, and appreciating human development. they are also important in helping nurses assess and treat a persons response to illness.

Question 2

developmental stages

Answer 2

infancy- birth to 18mo
early childhood/toddler-18mo to 3yrs
preschool-3 to 5 yrs
middle childhood-6 to 12
adolescence- 12 to 19

Question 3

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 3

1. Physiological needs -food, shelter, fluids
2. Safety & Security -physical & psychological
3. Love & Belonging
4. Self-Esteem
5. Self-Actualization

Question 4

What is the nursing process?

Answer 4

it is blueprint for how to care for pt. it is critical thinking 5 step process used by nurses to apply best available evidence to caregiving and promoting human functions and responses to health and illness.

Question 5

Theories of aging

Answer 5

1. Stochastic theory- view the effects of aging as resulting from random assults from both internal and external environment.
2. Nonstochastic theory- see aging changes resulting from a complex, predetermined process.

Question 6

elder abuse physical

Answer 6

inflicting or threat to inflict physical pain or injury on vulnerable older adult or depriving them of basic needs.

Question 7

elder abuse psychosocial/ emotional

Answer 7

verbal and nonverbal acts that inflict mental pain, anguish, and distress.

Question 8

elder financial abuse

Answer 8

illegal taking, misuse, or concealment of funds, property, or assets of a vulnerable elder

Question 9

elder sexual abuse

Answer 9

nonconsensual sexual contact or activity of any kind, coercing an elder to witness sexual behavior

Question 10

caregiver neglect

Answer 10

refusual or failure by those responsoble to fulfill caregiving activities, obligations, duties, protection. maybe intentional or unintentional, due to lack of education or rescources.

Question 11

elder abandonment

Answer 11

desertion of a vulnerable elder by anyone who has assumed the responsibility for care or custody of that person.

Question 12

elder self-neglect

Answer 12

behavior of an older adult that threatens his or her own well-being or safety, disregard of ones personal health or enviroment, causing unmet needs.

Question 13

elder signs of abuse

Answer 13

two most important indicators of abuse:

1. An elder’s frequent unexplained crying.
2. An elder’s unexplained fear of or suspicion of a particular person(s) in the home.

Question 14

Fulmer Assessment tool paper

Answer 14

Fulmer SPICES is an efficient and effective instrument for obtaining the information necessary to prevent health alterations in the older adult patient 
S is for Sleep Disorders
P is for Problems with Eating or Feeding
I is for Incontinence
C is for Confusion
E is for Evidence of Falls
S is for Skin Breakdown

Question 15

Cognitive changes normal

Answer 15

1. delirium- acute confusional state, potential irreversible, sometimes accompanies systemic infections, and is often the presenting symptom for pneumonia or UTI.

Question 16

Cognitive changes cont. normal

Answer 16

2. dementia- generalized impairment of intellectual functioning that interferes with social and occupational funtioning. leads to decline in ADL and IADL. ( alzheimers, lewy body, disease)

Question 17

Cognitive changes cont. normal

Answer 17

3. depression- most common, most undetected, most untreated. exist with pt’s who have other health problems. depression not a normal part of aging.

Question 18

Psycho-social changes normal

Answer 18

involves life transition and loss. transitions include retirement and finances, changes in roles and relationships, health and functional ability, changes in social network.
loss- loss of relationship due to death

Question 19

Physical changes normal

Answer 19

gray hair, loss of hair, elongated ears, double chin, loss of subcutaneous fat, stature decreases, etc….

Question 20

respiratory changes

Answer 20

decreased ciliary action, reduced basilar inflation, thoracic muscles more rigid, alveoli fewer in number and larger in size, forced expiratory volume reduced.

Question 21

cardio changes

Answer 21

aorta becomes dilated and elongated, cardiac output decreases, less elasticity of vessels, less efficient o2utilization, valves become thicker and more rigid

Question 22

gastro changes

Answer 22

decrease taste sensation, esophagus more dilated, liver smaller, atrophy of gastric mucosa, slower peristalsis

Question 23

urinary changes

Answer 23

decrease bladder capacity, decrease nephrons, weaker bladder muscles, decrease tubular function, decreased size of renal mass

Question 24

reproductive changes

Answer 24

men: possible reduction in sperm count, prostate enlarges, women: flattening of labia, ovaries become smaller and thicker, cervix becomes smaller

Question 25

musculoskeletal changes

Answer 25

shortening of vertebrae, bones become brittle, slight knee flexion, slight wrist flexion, slight hip flexion

Question 26

nervous changes

Answer 26

decreased conduction velocity, decreased brain weight, slower response time, changes in sleep patter, reduced blood flow to brain

Question 27

endocrine changes

Answer 27

lower basal metabolic rate, pituitary gland decreases, less thyrotropin secretion, thyroid gland atrophies, loss of adrenal function

Question 28

integumentary changes

Answer 28

flattening of dermal-epidermal junction, reduced thickness and vascularity of dermis, slowing of epidermal proliferation, reducing skin elasticity, collagen fibers become more coaser and more random

Question 29

immune changes

Answer 29

depressed immune response, thymic mass decreases, T-cell activity declines, respone to vaccines less effective, inflammatory defenses decline

Question 30

sensory organs

Answer 30

vision: more opaque lens, taste impairment, impaired ability to identify odors, reduced touch sensasation, reduced hearing

Question 31

nursing implications cardio

Answer 31

allow rest between activities and procedures, recognize longer time period required for heart rate to return to normal following a stress on heart, evaluate for tachycardia

Question 32

nursing implications respiratory

Answer 32

encourage respiratory activity, monitor oxygen adiminstartion

Question 33

nursing implications sensory (taste)

Answer 33

observe for overconsumption of sweets and salt

Question 34

nursing implication skin

Answer 34

use principles of pressure ulcer prevention

Question 35

nursing implications endocrine

Answer 35

advise pt to avoid excess calorie consumption

Question 36

nursing implications urinary

Answer 36

assist pt with need for frequent toileting

Question 37

nursing implications immune

Answer 37

promote good nutritional status to improve hosr defense, recommend vaccines.

Question 38

nursing impications musculoskeletal

Answer 38

encourage good calcium intake and exercise

Question 39

nursing implications reproductive (women)

Answer 39

advise pt in safe use of lubricants for comfort during intercourse

Question 40

nursing implications gastro

Answer 40

assess for indigestion, encourage 5-6 small meals instead or 3 large meals

Question 41

nursing implications nervous

Answer 41

allow adequate time for pt to respond, process info and perform task