Quiz Flashcards
(54 cards)
What is physiology?
The study of normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all of its chemical and physical processes
What are 3 challenges to human studies?
Variability(can’t control human environment/genetics etc. Like you can animals), psychological factors(placebo effect), ethical considerations
What is the August Krogh principle?
For every physiological problem, there is an optimally suited animal that will most efficiently yield an answer
Ex large squid axons help learn more about human NS
What is homeostasis? And how is it maintained ?
Internal stability (Walter cannon) -maintained by negative feedback: A pathway in which the response opposes or removes the signal
What are the different type of channels or transmembrane proteins?
Chemically gated-respond to chemical signals (maybe a NT)
Voltage gated-respond to membrane potential changes
Mechanically gated-respond to touch, pressure, vibration
Leak channels-open channels
Uniport(1 ion in 1 direction)/symport(2 ions in 1 direction)/antiport(ions in different directions) carriers
(Carriers never form an open channel between both sides of membrane)
What is extracellular fluid composed of
Plasma and interstitial fluid
What kind of solutes are usually outside the cell (in extracellular fluid)?
Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-) -More salty outside HCO3- Calcium (Ca++)
What kind of solutes are usually inside the cell (in intracellular fluid)?
Potassium (K+)
Large anions and proteins (that’s why inside is more negative usually)
What properties influence movement across membranes
Size and lipid solubility
What is passive transport give examples
No ATP is required osmosis,
diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, filtration
What is diffusionAnd what does the rate depend on
Movement of molecules from regions of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
-rate of diffusion depends on:
concentration gradient, distance, temperature(High temp faster diffusion), size of molecules(smaller molecules= faster diffusion)
What is facilitated diffusion
Passive transport with help of carrier proteins that open and close when molecules need to be transported
What is osmosis
Passive transport of water across a membrane in response to a solute concentration gradient (moves into more concentrated solute solution)
-osmotic pressure-applied to oppose osmosis
What’s the difference between primary active transport secondary active transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport that uses ATP, and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient.
What is the peripheral nervous system
Afferent sensory neurons (approach CNS) and efferent neurons (to muscles/glands)
What is the cell body, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, and axon terminal
Cell body-Control centre of the body
Dendrites-received and transfer incoming information (may have dendritic spines. The # of spines maximizes in childhood and slowly decreases over time-fewer spines=fewer synapses)
Axon-transmit signal to target cell
Axon hillock-specialized region of the cell body were axon originates(where AP’s are generated)
Axon terminal-The distal end of a neuron where neurotransmitter is released into a synapse (has vesicles)
What is a synapse
Functional connection between two neurons (presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron
What’s the reticular theory?
Proposed by Camilo Golgi: Neurons are physically connected
What did Santiago Ramon y Cajal propose?
That neurons are anatomically distinct (neuron doctrine )
-neurons are contiguous, not continuous
What are the glial cells in the brain?
- Epandymal cells-produce cerebrospinal fluid
- Microglia cells- immune cells of the brain help prepare injury. Helps for, the BBB
- Oligodendrocytes- wraps around axons and provides the myelin sheath (insulation)
- One can wrap around numerous axons at once
4.Astrocytes- provide substrates for ATP production, help form blood brain barrier, tightly controls what enters the brain, break down NTs
Explain why cells are in a state of Chemical and electrical disequilibrium
Cells are in a state of chemical disequilibrium with higher concentrations of some solutes outside than inside (energy keeps the body in this state with the use of transporters such as Na+K+ATPase)
Therefore, Electrical disequilibrium exists with more negative charge inside the cell than outside
What is an electrical gradient
Difference in net charge between two regions
-electrical gradient is created in a cell because there are more negatively charged anions inside the cell compared to outside
What is a voltmeter
Measures the difference in electrical charge between the inside of a cell and the surrounding solution (this value is the membrane potential difference)
What is the cell membrane’s resting potential
-70mV
A difference in electrical potential (or charge) across the membrane of a neuron during an inactive period.
