Quiz - Chapter 01 - Basic Information Flashcards by Alina C

The ulna is where in relation to the humerus?
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal

Distal

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In anatomical position, the thumb is located where in relation to the fingers?
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal

Lateral

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In moving from anatomical position into fundamental position, the forearm moves into

pronation.
supination.
inversion.
eversion.

pronation

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When a person steps forward to release a bowling ball, what type of motion of the body is occurring?
Angular motion
Linear motion
Kinematic motion
Torque motion

Linear motion

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When a person grasps an overhead exercise bar and pulls it down, what type of motion is occurring at the shoulder joint?

Angular motion
Linear motion
Kinematic motion
Torque motion

Angular motion

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A movement of one bone on another bone to cause an increase in joint angle is called
flexion.
extension.
rotation.
circumduction.

extension

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Sliding your foot under your chair to prepare to stand involves knee

flexion.
extension.
inversion.
abduction

flexion.

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Turning your head to look over your left shoulder involves cervical

Left rotation

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When the scapula moves into a protracted position, they move in what direction in relation to the spine?

Lateral

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When a condition involves both of the legs, which of the following terms best describes this situation?

Unilateral
Ipsilateral
Bilateral
Contralateral

Bilateral

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When a person abducts the shoulder to 90 degrees, then moves the arm backward, what is that motion called?

Horizontal abduction

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The fibula is on which side of the lower leg?

Lateral

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What kind of movement is closed chain and what does it promote?

Functional movement and provides stability
(proximal joints moving in relation to fixed distal segment)

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What kind of movement is open chain and what does it promote?

Free movement and promotes mobility
(Allows joints to move together or independently of others

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What is defined as force?

Any push or pull of matter

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What is tensile force?

pulling

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What is compressive force?

pushing

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What is defined as a first class lever in the body?

Exerted force and resistive force
on opposite sides of axis
(Seesaw motion=human neck)

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What is defined as a second- class lever in the body

Resistive force closer to
axis than exerted force
and on same side
(examples are using the wheelbarrow, and the ankle)

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What is defined as a third- class lever?

Most common in human body
 Allows for higher-velocity
movements
(shoveling is an example)

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What is joint reaction force?

Force generated within the joint in
response to external forces acting
upon it

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What is stress?

Amount of applied force per area

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What is strain?

Amount of material displacement under
specific amount of stress

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What is elasticity?

The ability to stretch and return to the
original shape

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What is elastic deformation?

Ability to return to normal shape after strain

What is yield point?

Maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure

What is Plastic deformation?

*Sprain *Permanent deformation of tissue but retains continuity

What are Biomechanics?

Examines the structure, function, and motion of the biological systems that make up a living organism

What are the biomechanics of the bone?

Made of calcium and collagen

What is cortical bone?

*Greater mineral content than collagen *Shaft of long bones *Rigid support

What is Cancellous (spongy) bone?

*Higher collagen content *Found in marrow cavity and at end of long bones

What is Articular (hyaline) cartilage?

* Covers ends of long bones * Dense connective tissue to absorb force between bones * Multiple layers

What are ligaments?

* Connect bone to bone * Provide joint stability

What are tendons?

* Connect muscle to bone * Transfer force

Define joint capsule:

* Dense fibrous sleeve around synovial joint * Passive stability * Contains synovial fluid

Define Aponeurosis:

* Fibrous insertion that connects adjacent muscles Example: aponeurosis of abdominal muscles that forms rectus sheath

What are the three types of muscles?

* Skeletal (striated) * Cardiac (heart) * Smooth (visceral

Define skeletal Muscle

* Moves bones of skeleton * Supplies force for purposeful movement * Striated and alternating bands of fibers

Define Cardiac Muscle

* Forms muscular components of heart (myocardium) * Striated and in segments

Define Smooth Muscle

* involuntary muscle *Internal organs (intestines and vessels) * Nonstriated * Contracts slowly and automatically

Define Histology:

Microscopic study of body tissue (chemical composition and design)

What is Endomysium:

Surrounds each individual muscle fiber

What is Perimysium:

Surrounds fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)

What is Epimysium:

Surrounds groups of fascicles

Define Myofibrils:

Long cylindrical strands of contractile proteins

Define Sarcomeres:

Contractile units of a muscle

Define Pennate Muscles

* Fibers oriented obliquely (slanted) * Multipennate, bipennate, and unipennate

Define Fusiform muscles:

Fibers oriented parallel to line of force

What is Fascia?

Non contractile (passive) tissues within the muscle

What is a Flaccid muscle?

Results from loss of innervation to a muscle

What is Hypertonia:

Muscle with increased tone

Define the characteristics of Muscle Spindles:

* Elongated and encapsulated structures * Within muscle fibers * Signal changes in muscle length * Protect muscles

What is an Agonist muscle?

* Muscle producing desired motion * Prime mover

What are slow-twitch fibers?

* Type 1 fibers * Low force over a long period of time * More resistant to fatigue

What are fast-twitch fibers?

* Type II Fibers * Powerful contractions

What is Motor Movement

Learned patterns of motion

Define Antagonist muscle:

Contrasting muscle

Define Fixators:

Provides stability at origins

What are Synergists:

Muscles that assist the prime mover (agonist)

What is an Isometric contraction:

Contraction with NO change in length

What is an Isotonic contraction:

Contraction with change in muscle length and joint motion

Define Eccentric:

Lengthening

Define Concentric:

Shortening

Define Load Rate:

How quickly force is applied to tissue

What is Passive insufficiency:

Inability of a muscle to elongate enough to allow a joint to move through full ROM

What is Active insufficiency:

* Adjacent fibers maximally shortened * Muscle cannot contract further

Define Joint (articulation):

*The connection between two bones * Synovial, fibrous, or cartilaginous

Define Synovial joints:

* Mobile joints * Allow purposeful movement

Define Fibrous joints:

* Sutures of skull * Little/no mobility * Stability

Define Cartilaginous joints:

* Pubic symphysis * Little/no mobility * Stability

What is Close-pack position:

* Maximal contact between articular surfaces * Maximal tension on surrounding ligaments * Example: knee in full extension

What is Open-pack position:

* Least surface contact * Laxity of surrounding ligaments * Increased mobility of joint

Osteokinematics:

Gross movement of bones in relation to one another

Arthrokinematics:

* Internal joint patterns * Involve accessory motions that cannot be achieved by voluntary muscle force

What is Convex-Concave Rule

* Distal bone glides in opposite direction of rotational movement * Example: wrist