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1
Q

Sociolinguistics – scope of the interest

A

Sociolinguistics isa study of language in which the linguistic factors are related to the factors beyond the language, such as language use that is done by a certain speech community.

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2
Q

Language as a social phenomenon

A

It influences our culture and even our thought processes. Language only exists in society.It nourishes and develops culture and establishes human relations.

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3
Q

Understanding of language in sociolinguistics

A

Language use, symbolically represents the fundamental dimensions of social behavior and human interaction.

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4
Q

Relationship between language and society

A

Language and social interaction have a reciprocal relationship:language shapes social interactions and social interactions shape language.

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5
Q

5 language variations

A

Contextual
Regional
Age
Gender
Social

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6
Q

Bilingual vs multilingual
Types of bilingualism

A

Two vs more than two

Compound bilingual: develope two language systems simultaneously

Coordinate bilingual: learn two languages in distinctively separate contexts.

Sub-coordinate bilingual: learn the secondary language by filtering through the mother tongue.

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7
Q

Applied sociolinguistics
language planning and policy

A

The field of language planning and policy (LPP) isconcerned with the policies both explicit and implicit that influence what languages are spoken when, how, and by whom, as well as the values and rights associated with those languages

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8
Q

sociolinguistics and the law
sociolinguistics and media
sociolinguistics and education
Language planning and policy

A

Crucial subareas of applied sociallinguistcs

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9
Q

acquisition planning

A

refers to effort to bring about language learning

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10
Q

code
code-switching

A

a code describes a language or a variation of a language
code-switching,is shifting from one linguistic code to another,

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11
Q

adaptation

A
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12
Q

compound bilingualism

A

1st one language then a second

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13
Q

consultative style

A

involves the participation of all parties. EX : discuss a topic, and the listener must contribute feedback to the speaker.

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14
Q

coordinate bilingualism

A

two native languages

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15
Q

dialect

A

different form or a language

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16
Q

dialect continuum

A

a chain of dialects
There is always mutual intelligibility between the dialects of neighbouring villages, throughout the area, although the intelligibility decreases as the distance increases.

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17
Q

diglossic situation

A

two languages In a speech community

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18
Q

early balanced bilingual

A

two languages form birth

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19
Q

formal style
frozen style

A

formal style professional; official
frozen style highly formal; static

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20
Q

idiolect

A

Idiolect is an individual’s unique use of language,

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21
Q

informal style
intimate style

A

informal style casual, completed sentence slang; private
intimate style Personal spaces, family and friends

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22
Q

isogloss

A

the border between varieties

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23
Q

late bilingual

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A

someone who learns a second language later in life after childhood ages

24
Q

linguistic item

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A

a natural language terminal sequence that is produced by a linguistic system or linguistic agent.

25
5 basic components found in all languages
phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
26
* Difference between : - Dialect - Accent - Jargon - Register
* Difference between : - Dialect : different form of a language; (ex diff vocab) - Accent : just diff pronunciation - Jargon: contectually limted to situation or area (ex Law) - Register: code used diff in different circumstances
27
pidgin
languages combined, not a native language
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receptive bilingual
dominant 1st language , low understanding of a second, unused
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social concept
social concepts of ‘identity’, ‘power’, ‘class’, ‘status’, ‘solidarity’, ‘accomodation’, ‘face’, ‘gender’, ‘politenes’, …
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social distance
relationship to the addressee
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social network
everyday contacts: Education, school, family, ..
32
socialect
a form of language (non-standard dialect, restricted register) or a set of lexical items used by a socioeconomic class, profession, an age group, or other social group.
33
standard language
professional; used by the educated and or educators; official functions
34
status planning
Various changes in the social position a language
35
anticipation as a speech error
When a speaker mistakenly uses a sound from a word that is coming later in the utterance 1) Dick Carter is a musician → Nick Carter is a musician = phoneme anticipation
36
Type of speech errors can be classified by considering
a. The linguistic units involved: phonemes, syllable, morpheme, word b. The error mechanism involved: exchanges, blends, substitutions, additions, anticipation, perseveration, …
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Perseveration
– a sound from a previous word sneaks its way onto a later word - He was kicking around a tin tan (instead of tin can).
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Substitution
errors (related to words) Look at that cut little dog (instead of cat) ➔ The substituted word and the intended word (1) The same syntactic class (2) Share common semantic ground
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Blend as a speech error
Speech errors in which two suitable words fall together and are fused into one word, that means that both words are partially chosen I am sotally [totally or solely] responsible for this error
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Broca’s area
*Broca’s area (in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere) speech production and articulation Exner’s area: the motor control of writing
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Wernicke's area
Wernicke’s area : (the left temporal lobe) the comprehension of speech (its understanding and processing)
42
coarticulation
no clear temporal breaks that signal where one phoneme ends and the next one begins
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The McGurk effect
an perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception
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continuity hypothesis discontinuity hypothesis
- The continuity hypothesis – modern human language is quantitively different from precursor mental abilities, but it is not different in kind or in quality from more basic communication systems - The discontinuity hypothesis – humans possess communication abilities that do not exist in other – more primitive systems.
45
Speech production
* Conceptual representation – the idea * Lexical representation – a word the idea/concept * Morphological representation – word structure * Phonological representation – the mental representation of the sounds and combinations of sounds that comprises words in particular spoken language * Phonetic representation – specification of physical, measurable properties of articulation, ➔ Articulation (output)
46
deletion as a speech error
the omission of an intended word My house was nice → my previous home was nice
47
addition as a speech error
- the old cat iis aging → the cat is aging
48
Spoonerism
When various phonological exchange results in real words (producing flea of my cat instead of key of my flat) the errors is called a Spoonerism (reverent of William A. Spoone
49
Reasons for speech error
*current physical condition (nervousness, exhaustion, anxiety) *stress plays an important role, lack of concentration *discrepancy between thinking and speech (what were you thinking about when saying this or that?), that is thoughts can intrude into overt speech
50
Factors involved in second language acquisition
1. Psychological factor 2. Social factors
51
1. Intellectual processing
a. Explication - The process whereby the rules and structures of a second language are explained in the first language of the learner - Rarely applicable to young children b. Induction - Learning rules by self-discovery, by self-analysis
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Psychological Factors
Psychological Factors 1. Intellectual processing 2. Memory 3. Motor Skills 4. Motivation 5. Attitude
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Social Factor
Social Factor 1. The natural situation 2. The classroom situation
54
general auditory approach to speech perception
Assumes that speech perception is not special “speech sounds are perceived using the same mechanism of audition and perceptual learning that have evolved in humans… to handle other classes of environmental sounds” (Diehl et al., 2004)
55
The motor theory of speech perception
*Gestures (movement of articulators) rather than sounds, represent the fundamental unit of mental representation speech = understanding speech requires you to figure out which gestures created a given acoustic signal

Social Linguistics (1 decks)

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