Quiz Four Flashcards by Isaias Lozano

Plants use _________ for food. Therefore, they are ______trophs.

photosynthesis; autotrophs

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Chlorophyll have _ and _ pigments.

“a” and “b”

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cell wall

cellulose surrounding of plant that provides structure

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cellulose

insoluble carbohydrate

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Define alternation of generations

The life cycle of plants in which organisms have a diploid and haploid stage.

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sporophyte

diploid body of plant

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gametophyte

haploid body of plant

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Sporophytes produce

spores

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Spores develop into

the gametophyte

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The gametophyte produce

gametes

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The gametes fuse to produce

the sporophyte

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Non-vascular plants belong to what phylum?

Phylum Bryophyta

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Non-vascular plants include:

) mosses
) liverworts
) hornworts

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Non-vascular plants must live

in moist habitats

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The sperm cells of non-vascular plants move through _____ with _____.

Non-vascular plants move through moisture with flagella.

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Bryophytes are the only plants in which the ______ is the dominant body form.

The gametophyte is the dominant form of bryophytes.

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As plants get bigger, _______ get smaller.

Gametophytes get smaller as plants get bigger.

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With bryophytes, what remains attached to the gametophytes even through maturity?

Sporophytes remain attached to bryophyte’s gametophytes.

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Tracheophytes

Vascular plants

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What phyla produce no seeds?

) Psilophyta (whisk ferns)
) Lycophyta (club moss)
) Sphenophyta (horsetails)
) Pterophyta (ferns)

Psi Ly Sphe Ptero

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What phyla produce exposed seeds?

) Cycadophyta (sago palm, Zamia)
) Ginkgophyta (ginkgo tree)
) Coniferophyta (conifers)

Cyca Gink Conifer

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What clades produce enclosed seeds?

) Monocots (orchids, palms, lilies, grasses, rye, corn, rice, wheat)
) Eudicots (daises, tulips, flowering shrubs, trees, water lilies, cacti)

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Monocots are easily remembered as

grain crops

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Eudicots are easily remembered as

fruits

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fronds

above ground portion of ferns

stripe

stalk

pinnae

photosynthetic "leaves"

fiddlehead

unfurled frond

What might you find underneath the fronds of a fern?

spores

antheridia

male, resembles a ball with an opening to release said ball

archegonium

female, represents a catcher/pincher receptacle

Mitosis in ferns creates

the gametes

Meiosis in ferns creates

the sporophytes

The gametes in ferns basically include

the egg and sperm

Fern sporophytes spits out spores that divide to create

the gametophytes

gymnosperms

land plants

Qualities of gymnosperms not seen in non-vascular plants or angiosperms:

1. ) vascular tissue | 2. ) "naked seeds"/lack of ovaries

http://www.conifers.org/cy/i/cy-ta01.gif What is this a drawing of?

cycad (italicize)

http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/pix/ginkgo_male.jpg What is this a drawing of?

Ginkgo bilboa (italicize)

http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/512x768/5208_1611/2417/0098.jpeg What is this a drawing of?

Ephedra nevadenis (italicize)

Phylum Coniferophyta is known most for the production of

cones

Cones are formally referred to as

strobili

microstrobili

male cones

megastrobili

female cones

Microstrobili is responsible for

producing pollen

Megastrobili is responsible for

the egg

https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/82/flashcards/1127082/jpg/2012-02-23_13-58-23_4361330372143447.jpg Which is the micro and megastrobili? Why?

1. ) left: microstrobili (smaller, closed) | 2. ) right: megastrobili (bigger, open)

Angiosperm means

"covered seed"

After fertilization, angiosperms surround the seed with

fruit

How many sperm are used for fertilization?

Two: one for the egg, the other for the other cells that become nutrition

How do animals help the reproduction of angiosperms?

1. ) carrying pollen with the attraction of nectar | 2. ) fertilizing seeds by eating fruit and excreting seeds

sepal

tough, green outer covering that protects buds

petals

colorful modified leaves that attract polinators

stamen

male reproductive structures that consist of anther and filament

anther

site of meiosis that produce microspores

pollen grains

microspores develop inside pollen grains to become male gametophyte that then produces sperm cells

filament

stalk that lifts anthers up above other structures to catch pollen

pistil

female reproductive structures consisting of ovary, ovules, style, and stgima

ovary

houses the ovule, which, if fertilized, will trigger the wall of the ovary to enlarge and transform into fruit

ovule

located inside the ovary, where meiosis produces megaspores.

The megaspores develop into the female gametophyte, consisting of ______ cells.

seven, including one egg cell and one central cell

central cell

fertilized by second sperm to develop into the endosperm

endosperm

provides nourishment to the germinating seed and seedling until it is capable of producing its own food

double fertilization

two sperm, one egg

seed

the matured ovule with embryo and endosperm

stigma

widened platform with sticky surface designed to collect pollen

style

long neck between stigma and ovary that lifts the stigma up out of the flower where it can come into contact with pollen; generates a tube when in contact with pollen

The sperm travels through the _____

style

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/Resources/Systematics/Magnoliophyta/Magnoliopsida/Myrtales/Lythraceae/Lythrum/L%20salicaria/Dissected%20flower%20RT.jpg

What are the parts of this flower?

When the ovary becomes a container for seeds, it is called:

fruit

Fleshy fruits

1. ) bulk of fruit is thickened and fleshy | 2. ) includes berries

Dry fruits

1. ) lack fleshy wall | 2. ) include dehiscent and indehiscent fruit

dehiscent fruits

1. ) split open when ripe | 2. ) include peas, beans, peanuts

indehiscent fruits

1. ) do not split when ripe | 2. ) include samara

Aggregate fruits

1. ) fruit formed from the joining of several ovaries of the same flower 2. ) include strawberries and raspberries

seed coat

tough outer layer of seed

endosperm

starchy majority inside seed

embryo

1. ) resembles a tiny plant | 2. ) located on one side of seed

plumule

tiny leaf of embryo

epicotyl

upper stem of embryo

radicle

part of embryo that will become root

https://ap-bio-chs-plants.wikispaces.com/file/view/SEED.jpg/140587373/SEED.jpg What are the parts of the seeds?

They're on the card!