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Pharmacology > Quiz III, Nervous System > Flashcards

Quiz III, Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic unit of nervous system

A

neuron

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2
Q

Carries impulses toward the CNS

A

sensory

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3
Q

Carries impulses from neuron to neuron

A

associative

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4
Q

Carries impulses away from CNS

A

Motor

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5
Q

Parts of a neuron (3)

A

cell body, dendrite, axon

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6
Q

Main functions (3)

A

sensory, intergrative (analysis), motor (action)

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7
Q

CNS is composed of the

A

Brain & spinal cord

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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System is composed of which (2) division

A

afferent & efferent

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9
Q

Carries nerve impulses from peripheral receptors to CNS

A

Afferent

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10
Q

Carries nerve impulses to muscles/glands

A

Efferent

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11
Q

What is the CNS connected with?

A

Glands, muscles & receptors

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12
Q

The CNS is also subdivided into

A

The Somatic NS & Autonomic NS

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13
Q

Somatic NS is made up of

A
  • Made of efferent that carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
  • Voluntary or conscious control
  • Has 1 neuron that carries impulses to target structure
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14
Q

Autonomic NS is made up of

A
  • Consists of efferent nerve cells that carry information from the CNS to cardiac muscles, glands and smooth muscles
  • Involuntary or unconscious control
  • Has 2 neurons that carry impulses to target structures
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15
Q

What nervous system is involved with:

  • Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, salivary glands, & other viscera
  • GI motility, rate & force of heartbeat, secretions of glands & size of pupils
A

Autonomic NS

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16
Q

Subdivisions of ANS (2)

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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17
Q

Sympathetic

A

Regulates energy-expending activities

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18
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Regulates energy-conserving activities

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19
Q

What type of action does parasympathetic have, its definition & where does its first neuron arise?

A
  • Cholinergic
  • An action or receptor that is activated by acetylcholine
  • craniosacral cord (parasympathetic)
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20
Q

What type of action does sympathetic have, its definition & where does its first neuron arise?

A
  • Adrenergic
  • An action or a receptor that is activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine
  • thoracolumbar cord (sympathetic)
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21
Q

Epinephrine

A

Stimulates alpha and beta receptors = a potent stimulator of the heart and powerful dilator of the bronchioles. Acatecholaminehormoneoftheadrenalmedullathatisthemost potentstimulantofthesympatheticnervoussystem,resulting
in increasedheartrateandforceofcontraction,vasoconstriction
or vasodilation,relaxationofbronchiolarandintestinalsmooth
muscle,glycogenolysis,lipolysis,andothermetaboliceffects.
Alsocalledadrenaline.

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22
Q

Norepinephrine

A

is a neurotransmitter that is important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning. Norepinephrine is also released as a hormone into the blood, where it causes blood vessels to contract and heart rate to increase.

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23
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a very widely distributed excitatory neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction and stimulates the excretion of certain hormones. In the central nervous system, it is involved in wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, aggression, sexuality, and thirst, among other things.

24
Q

Dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter involved in controlling movement and posture. It also modulates mood and plays a central role inpositive reinforcementand dependency.

25
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is very widely distributed in the neurons of the cortex. GABA contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions.It also regulates anxiety.

26
Q

Serotonin

A

contributes to various functions, such as regulating body temperature, sleep, mood, appetite, and pain

27
Q

Glutamate

A

a major excitatory neurotransmitter that is associated withlearning and memory.

28
Q

How do axons travel in the ANS

A

The axon of the first neuron leaves the CNS –> to ganglion which synapses with dendrite of the second neuron

29
Q

Axons of the first neuron are called ?

A

preganglionic

30
Q

Preganglionic fibers of the Sympathetic (length)

A

short (end adjacent to spinal cord)

31
Q

Preganglionic fibers of the Parasympathetic (length)

A

long (travel to ganglia in the wall of the target organ)

32
Q

Axons of the second neurons are called

A

Postganglionic

33
Q

Postganglionic Sympathetic (length)

A

long

34
Q

Postganglionic Parasympathetic (length)

A

short

35
Q

Ganglion (def.)

A

Nerve cell cluster or group of nerve cell bodies located in the ANS

36
Q

SNS - Preganglions are? function?

A

short (end adjacent to spinal cord) except in adrenal medulla
- Releases neurotransmiters, epinephrine/norepinephrine directly

37
Q

SNS - Postganglions are

A

long (epi/norepi)

38
Q

Sympathetic NS- Stimulations:

A

Increases HR & RR
Decrease GI activity
Pupil dilation
Constricts blood vessels to smooth muscle
Dilation of blood vessels to skeletal muscle
Dilation of bronchioles
Increase blood glucose levels
Fight or flight response
Receptors : alpha (stimulatory) & beta (inhibitory)

39
Q

Receptors for the Sympathetic (adrenergic)

A

Alpha 1 & Alpha 2

40
Q

Alpha 1

A

smooth muscles of blood vessels
– constriction of arterioles to increase BP
Except GIT

41
Q

Alpha 2

A

postganglionic nerve endings
– inhibition of norepi release
Decreases BP & constriction of skeletal mm

42
Q

Alpha receptors are generally

A

stimulatory

43
Q

The synapse between the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron is called?

A

ganglionic synapse

44
Q

The primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic sites are?

A

norepinephrin, epinephrine and dopamine

45
Q

Direct-Acting Cholinergic: This product has been used to treat atony of the GI tract and to stimulate uterine contractions in swine

A

Carbamylcholine

46
Q

Direct-Acting Cholinergic: Used to control vomiting and to promote gastric tract emptying

A

Metoclopromide (Reglan)

47
Q

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic: Used to diagnose myasthenia gravis

A

Edrophonium (Tensilon)

48
Q

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic: Used to treat urine retention and GI atony, are also used as an antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents

A

Neostigmine (Prostigmine, Stiglyn)

49
Q

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic: Commonly used as insecticide dips and may results in toxicity if used inappropriately.

A

Organophosphate Compounds

50
Q

Anticholinergic: Used as a pre-anesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia; to counteract organophosphates poisoning.

A

Atropine

51
Q

Anticholinergic: Used to control diarrhea. Also an ingredient of Biosol-M

A

Methscopolamine

52
Q

Anticholinergic: Similar to atropine, provide longer duration of action than atropine and is used as a pre-anesthetic

A

Glycopyrrolate (Robinul-V)

53
Q

Anticholinergic: Used to treat diarrhea, urinary incontinence, and bradycardia and to produce colonic peristalsis in horses to allow rectal exam.

A

Propantheline (Pro-Banthine)

54
Q

Anticholinergic: A cholinesterase reactivator used to treat organophosphate intoxication.

A

Pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM)

55
Q

Some fibers are surrounded by an insulating substance called

A

myelin

56
Q

If the impulse travels around the arc without going to the brain for analysis, the sequence of events is called ?

A

spinal reflex

57
Q

Reflex arc is composed of the following:

A 
A receptor
A sensory neuron
A center in the CNS for a synapse 
A motor neuron 
An effector

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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