Quiz III, Nervous System

Question 1

Basic unit of nervous system

Answer 1

neuron

Question 2

Carries impulses toward the CNS

Answer 2

sensory

Question 3

Carries impulses from neuron to neuron

Answer 3

associative

Question 4

Carries impulses away from CNS

Answer 4

Motor

Question 5

Parts of a neuron (3)

Answer 5

cell body, dendrite, axon

Question 6

Main functions (3)

Answer 6

sensory, intergrative (analysis), motor (action)

Question 7

CNS is composed of the

Answer 7

Brain & spinal cord

Question 8

Peripheral Nervous System is composed of which (2) division

Answer 8

afferent & efferent

Question 9

Carries nerve impulses from peripheral receptors to CNS

Answer 9

Afferent

Question 10

Carries nerve impulses to muscles/glands

Answer 10

Efferent

Question 11

What is the CNS connected with?

Answer 11

Glands, muscles & receptors

Question 12

The CNS is also subdivided into

Answer 12

The Somatic NS & Autonomic NS

Question 13

Somatic NS is made up of

Answer 13

• Made of efferent that carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
• Voluntary or conscious control
• Has 1 neuron that carries impulses to target structure

Question 14

Autonomic NS is made up of

Answer 14

• Consists of efferent nerve cells that carry information from the CNS to cardiac muscles, glands and smooth muscles
• Involuntary or unconscious control
• Has 2 neurons that carry impulses to target structures

Question 15

What nervous system is involved with:

• Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, salivary glands, & other viscera
• GI motility, rate & force of heartbeat, secretions of glands & size of pupils

Answer 15

Autonomic NS

Question 16

Subdivisions of ANS (2)

Answer 16

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

Question 17

Sympathetic

Answer 17

Regulates energy-expending activities

Question 18

Parasympathetic

Answer 18

Regulates energy-conserving activities

Question 19

What type of action does parasympathetic have, its definition & where does its first neuron arise?

Answer 19

• Cholinergic
• An action or receptor that is activated by acetylcholine
• craniosacral cord (parasympathetic)

Question 20

What type of action does sympathetic have, its definition & where does its first neuron arise?

Answer 20

• Adrenergic
• An action or a receptor that is activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine
• thoracolumbar cord (sympathetic)

Question 21

Epinephrine

Answer 21

Stimulates alpha and beta receptors = a potent stimulator of the heart and powerful dilator of the bronchioles. Acatecholaminehormoneoftheadrenalmedullathatisthemost potentstimulantofthesympatheticnervoussystem,resulting
in increasedheartrateandforceofcontraction,vasoconstriction
or vasodilation,relaxationofbronchiolarandintestinalsmooth
muscle,glycogenolysis,lipolysis,andothermetaboliceffects.
Alsocalledadrenaline.

Question 22

Norepinephrine

Answer 22

is a neurotransmitter that is important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning. Norepinephrine is also released as a hormone into the blood, where it causes blood vessels to contract and heart rate to increase.

Question 23

Acetylcholine

Answer 23

a very widely distributed excitatory neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction and stimulates the excretion of certain hormones. In the central nervous system, it is involved in wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, aggression, sexuality, and thirst, among other things.

Question 24

Dopamine

Answer 24

a neurotransmitter involved in controlling movement and posture. It also modulates mood and plays a central role inpositive reinforcementand dependency.

Question 25

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) 

Answer 25

an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is very widely distributed in the neurons of the cortex. GABA contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions. It also regulates anxiety.

Question 26

Serotonin

Answer 26

contributes to various functions, such as regulating body temperature, sleep, mood, appetite, and pain

Question 27

Glutamate

Answer 27

a major excitatory neurotransmitter that is associated with learning and memory.

Question 28

How do axons travel in the ANS

Answer 28

The axon of the first neuron leaves the CNS --> to ganglion which synapses with dendrite of the second neuron

Question 29

Axons of the first neuron are called ?

Answer 29

preganglionic

Question 30

Preganglionic fibers of the Sympathetic (length)

Answer 30

short (end adjacent to spinal cord)

Question 31

Preganglionic fibers of the Parasympathetic (length)

Answer 31

long (travel to ganglia in the wall of the target organ)

Question 32

Axons of the second neurons are called

Answer 32

Postganglionic

Question 33

Postganglionic Sympathetic (length)

Answer 33

long

Question 34

Postganglionic Parasympathetic (length)

Answer 34

short

Question 35

Ganglion (def.)

Answer 35

Nerve cell cluster or group of nerve cell bodies located in the ANS

Question 36

SNS - Preganglions are? function?

Answer 36

short (end adjacent to spinal cord) except in adrenal medulla - Releases neurotransmiters, epinephrine/norepinephrine directly

Question 37

SNS - Postganglions are

Answer 37

long (epi/norepi)

Question 38

Sympathetic NS- Stimulations:

Answer 38

Increases HR & RR Decrease GI activity Pupil dilation Constricts blood vessels to smooth muscle Dilation of blood vessels to skeletal muscle Dilation of bronchioles Increase blood glucose levels Fight or flight response Receptors : alpha (stimulatory) & beta (inhibitory)

Question 39

Receptors for the Sympathetic (adrenergic)

Answer 39

Alpha 1 & Alpha 2

Question 40

Alpha 1

Answer 40

smooth muscles of blood vessels -- constriction of arterioles to increase BP Except GIT

Question 41

Alpha 2

Answer 41

postganglionic nerve endings -- inhibition of norepi release Decreases BP & constriction of skeletal mm

Question 42

Alpha receptors are generally

Answer 42

stimulatory

Question 43

The synapse between the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron is called?

Answer 43

ganglionic synapse

Question 44

The primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic sites are?

Answer 44

norepinephrin, epinephrine and dopamine

Question 45

Direct-Acting Cholinergic: This product has been used to treat atony of the GI tract and to stimulate uterine contractions in swine

Answer 45

Carbamylcholine

Question 46

Direct-Acting Cholinergic: Used to control vomiting and to promote gastric tract emptying

Answer 46

Metoclopromide (Reglan)

Question 47

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic: Used to diagnose myasthenia gravis

Answer 47

Edrophonium (Tensilon)

Question 48

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic: Used to treat urine retention and GI atony, are also used as an antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents

Answer 48

Neostigmine (Prostigmine, Stiglyn)

Question 49

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic: Commonly used as insecticide dips and may results in toxicity if used inappropriately.

Answer 49

Organophosphate Compounds

Question 50

Anticholinergic: Used as a pre-anesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia; to counteract organophosphates poisoning.

Answer 50

Atropine

Question 51

Anticholinergic: Used to control diarrhea. Also an ingredient of Biosol-M

Answer 51

Methscopolamine

Question 52

Anticholinergic: Similar to atropine, provide longer duration of action than atropine and is used as a pre-anesthetic

Answer 52

Glycopyrrolate (Robinul-V)

Question 53

Anticholinergic: Used to treat diarrhea, urinary incontinence, and bradycardia and to produce colonic peristalsis in horses to allow rectal exam.

Answer 53

Propantheline (Pro-Banthine)

Question 54

Anticholinergic: A cholinesterase reactivator used to treat organophosphate intoxication.

Answer 54

Pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM)

Question 55

Some fibers are surrounded by an insulating substance called

Answer 55

myelin

Question 56

If the impulse travels around the arc without going to the brain for analysis, the sequence of events is called ?

Answer 56

spinal reflex

Question 57

Reflex arc is composed of the following:

Answer 57

``` A receptor A sensory neuron A center in the CNS for a synapse A motor neuron An effector ```