Quiz immunology Flashcards
(29 cards)
Leukocytes involved in the innate immune response recognize:
* all intestinal pathogens
* individual antigens on pathogens
* molecules called antigens that are uniquely specific to a single pathogen
* molecular patterns shared by a wide variety of pathogens
D
Leukocytes involved in the adaptive immune response recognize:
* molecules called antigens that are uniquely specific to a single pathogen
* molecular patterns shared by a variety of pathogens
* all surface molecules on pathogens
* all intestinal pathogen
A
Phagocytes do not include:
* dendritic cells
* neutrophils
* lymphocytes
* macrophages
C
Macrophages and neutrophils recognize pathogens through:
* antibodies
* pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
* pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
* antigen
c
B cells are lymphocytes whose main function is to produce:
* cytokines
* antibodies
* complement proteins
* cytotoxic proteins
B
These immune mediators are responsible for communication between the white blood cells and
* cytotoxic proteins
* antibodies
* cytokines
* complement proteins
C
The inability to give an immune response to autoantigens is a form of:
* specificity
* memory
* activation
* tolerance
D
An immune response that is too strong or poorly regulated may result in:
* immunodeficiency
* hypersensitivity
* tolerance
* loss of immune memory
B
Innate immunity operates through non-induced and induced mechanism. Among the non-induced mechanism are:
* antibodies
* physiological barriers such ad tears, mucus and lysozyme
* ultraviolet light
* T cells
B
DAMPs are molecules whose presence alerts the host’s innate system that something is wrong in the body and remedial action is needed. The following is NOT a DAMP:
* antibodies
* stress molecules such as heat shock proteins (HSPs)
* phospholipids
* complement products such as C3b
A
Phagocytosis is carried out primarly by:
* neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells
* keratinocytes and fibroblasts
* NK, NKT, and γδ T cells
* T cells and B cells
A
Opsonins are:
* Toxic proteins expressed by pathogens that facilitate destruction of the engulfing phagocytes expressing receptors for opsonin
* Host-derived proteins that bind the exterior of a microbe and facilitate its ability to infect and destroy phagocytes expressing receptors for the opsonin
* Host-derived proteins that bind the exterior of a microbe and facilitate its engulfment by phagocytes expressing receptors for the opsonin
D
Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs) are produced during the process of:
* phagosomal killing
* endocytosis
* opsonization
* micropinocytosis
C
NK, NKT and γδ T cells:
* have receptors that interact with broadly specific ligands
* are related to γδ T cells
* have less diversity than γδ T cells
* all of the above
D
A primary function of NK cells is to:
* induce the cytolysis of unused effector T cells
* induce the cytolysis of unused effector plasma cells
* induce the cytolysis of tumor cells and virus-infected cells
* induce the cytolysis of activated macrophages
C
NK cells can lyse abnormal cells through antigen-specific mechanisms that include:
* binding of Fc receptors on NK cells to antigen-specific Ig coating target cells
* binding of Ig on NK cells to antigen on the target cell surface
* binding of Fc receptors on NK cells to antigen-specific Ig in serum, followed by binding of tumors or virus-infected cells
* binding of C3 receptors on NK cells to C3-coated target cells
A
Extravasation involves:
* the inability of leukocytes to move into tissue outside the blood vessels
* the movement of infected tissue cells into blood vessels
* the movement of leukocytes from inside blood vessels into tissue spaces
* the movement of pathogen to leukocytes in tissue spaces
C
The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that, in general, recognize:
* molecules shared by groups of pathogens such as all bacteria or all RNA viruses
* cell-surface components found only on individual pathogens
* all gram-negative bacteria
* all fungi
A
Inhibitory receptor signalling of NK cells involves ……. On the target cells surface
* host MHC class I molecules
* host CD4 molecules
* lack of foreign antigen
* lack of host CD4 molecules
A
An example of a ligand that can trigger activatory signalling of NK cells is:
* NKp46
* host MHC class I molecules
* foreign MHC class II molecules
* viral hemaglutinin
D
Distinguish between PAMPs and DAMPs and give three examples of each
PAMPs: unspecific molecules that can be found in bacteria, virus or infected cells and can be recognised by innate receptors.
Examples: dsRNA, proteins with mannose residues, not methylates CpG sequences.
DAMPs: damage associated molecular patterns, these are proteins released by the dying cells.
Examples: heat-shock proteins, altered membrane phospholipids, mitochondrial proteins.
Why is the repertoire diversity of the inducible innate response more limited than that of the adaptive immune response?
Innate response recognises general molecules without specificity, it just notices that something is wrong and act against it.
Adaptive response can recognize exactly which pathogen is taken into consideration and act specifically against it.
Name two functions of TLRs in mammals.
TLRs can activate the dendritic cells or the NFkB pathway leading to inflammation
Name two type of extracellular PRM and describe how they contribute to inducible innate defence.
PMR are pattern recognition molecules, two examples are C-reactive proteins and Pentraxin. These receptors are present on lymphocytes and can recognize DAMPs and PAMPs starting the fight against pathogens.
