Quiz Numero Dos

Question 1

Systematic inquiry that uses orderly methods to answer questions or solve problems.

Answer 1

Research

Question 2

Systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession.

Answer 2

Nursing Research

Question 3

Research designed to generate knowledge to guide health care practice.

Answer 3

Clinical Research

Question 4

A practice that involves making clinical decisions on the best available evidence, with an emphasis on evidence from disciplined research.

Answer 4

Evidence-based Practice

Question 5

A rigorous synthesis of research findings on a particular research question, using systematic sampling and data collection procedures and a formal protocol.

Answer 5

Systematic Reviews

Question 6

A principle that is accepted as being true based on logic or reason, without proof.

Answer 6

Assumption

Question 7

The paradigm underlying the traditional scientific approach, which assumes that there is an orderly reality that can be objectively studied; often associated with quantitative research.

Answer 7

Positivist Paradigm

Question 8

An alternative paradigm to the positivist paradigm that holds that there are multiple interpretations of reality, and that the goal of research is to understand how individuals construct reality within their context; associated with qualitative research.

Answer 8

Constructivist Paradigm

Question 9

The techniques used to structure a study and to gather and analyze information in a systematic fashion.

Answer 9

Research Methods

Question 10

The investigation of phenomena, typically in an in-depth and holistic fashion, through the collection of rich narrative materials using a flexible research design.

Answer 10

Qualitative Research

Question 11

The investigation of phenomena that lend themselves to precise measurement and quantification, often involving a rigorous and controlled design.

Answer 11

Quantitative Research

Question 12

A set of orderly, systematic, controlled procedures for acquiring dependable, empirical - and typically quantitative - information; the methodologic approach.

Answer 12

Scientific Method

Question 13

Evidence rooted in objective reality and gathered using one’s senses as the basis for generating knowledge.

Answer 13

Empirical Evidence

Question 14

The degree to which the research methods justify the inference that the findings are true for a broader group than study participants; in particular, the inference that the findings can be generalized from the sample to the population.

Answer 14

Generalizability

Question 15

Research designed to illuminate the underlying causes of phenomena.

Answer 15

Cause Probing Research

Question 16

The conscientious use of current best evidence in making clinical decisions about patient care; it is a clinical problem-solving strategy that de-emphasizes decision making based on custom and emphasizes the integration of research evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences.

Answer 16

Evidence-based Practice (EBP)

Question 17

The use of some aspect of a study in a n application unrelated to the original research.

Answer 17

Research Utilization (RU)

Question 18

Practice guidelines that are evidence based, combining a synthesis and appraisal of research evidence with specific recommendations for clinical decisions.

Answer 18

Clinical Practice Guideline

Question 19

An international organization that aims to facilitate well-informed decisions about health care by preparing systematic reviews ofthe effect of health care interrventions.

Answer 19

Cochrane Collaboration

Question 20

A ranked arrangement of the validity and dependability of evidence based on the rigor of the method that produced it.

Answer 20

Evidence Hierarchy

Question 21

The extent to which an innovation is amenable to implementation in a new setting, an assessment of which is often made in an evidence-based practice project.

Answer 21

Implementation Potential

Question 22

A technique for quantitatively integrating the results of multiple studies addressing the same or a highly similar research question.

Answer 22

Meta-analysis

Question 23

The grand narratives or interpretive translations produced from the integration or comparison of finding from qualitative studies.

Answer 23

Metasynthesis

Question 24

A small scale version, or trial run, done in preparation for a major study or to assess feasibility.

Answer 24

Pilot Test

Question 25

A rigorous synthesis of research findings on a particular research question, using systematic sampling and data collection procedures and a formal protocol.

Answer 25

Systematic Review

Question 26

A relationship between two variable wherein the presence or value of one variable (the "cause") determines the presence or value of the other (the "effect").

Answer 26

Cause-and-effect (causal) Relationship

Question 27

A study designed to assess the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of a new clinical intervention, sometimes involving several phases, one of which (Phase III) is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) using an experimental design.

Answer 27

Clinical Trial

Question 28

An abstraction based on observation of behaviors or characteristics (e.g. fatigue, pain).

Answer 28

Concept

Question 29

The abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept under study.

Answer 29

Conceptual Definition

Question 30

An abstraction or concept that is deliberately invented (constructed) by researchers for a scientific purpose (e.g., health locus of control).

Answer 30

Construct

Question 31

The pieces of information obtained in a study.

Answer 31

Data

Question 32

The variable hypothesized to depend on or be caused by another variable.; the outcome of interest.

Answer 32

Dependent Variable

Question 33

A design that unfolds in the course of a qualitative study as the researcher makes ongoing design decisions reflecting what has already been learned.

Answer 33

Emergent Design

Question 34

A branch of human inquiry, associated with anthropology, that focuses on the culture of a group of people, with an effort to understand the world view and customs of those under study.

Answer 34

Ethnography

Question 35

A technique in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on behavior.

Answer 35

Experimental Research

Question 36

The process of gaining access to study participants through the cooperation of key actors in the selected community or site.

Answer 36

Gaining Entree

Question 37

A broad theory aimed at describing large segments of the physical, social, or behavioral world, also called a macro theory.

Answer 37

Grounded Theory

Question 38

A statement of predicted relationships between variables or predicted outcomes.

Answer 38

Hypothesis

Question 39

The variable that is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable; in experimental research, the manipulated (treatment) variable.

Answer 39

Independent Variable

Question 40

An individual who provides information to researchers about a phenomenon under study, usually in qualitative studies.

Answer 40

Informant

Question 41

The specification of exactly what the intervention and alternative (control) treatment conditions are, and how they should be administered.

Answer 41

Intervention Protocol

Question 42

A critical summary of research on a topic, often prepared to put a research problem in context or to summarize existing evidence.

Answer 42

Literature Review

Question 43

Studies in which the researcher collects data without introducing an intervention; also called observational research.

Answer 43

Non experimental Research

Question 44

The definition of a concept or variable in terms of the procedures by which it is to be measured.

Answer 44

Operational Definition

Question 45

The dependent variable; a measure that cpatures the outcome of an intervention.

Answer 45

Outcome Variable

Question 46

A qualitative research tradition, with roots in philosophy and psychology, that focuses on the lived experience of humans guided by photographic images.

Answer 46

Phenomenology

Question 47

Information collected in narrative (non-numeric) form, such as the dialogue from a transcript of an unstructured interview.

Answer 47

Qualitative Data

Question 48

Information collected in a quantified (numeric) form.

Answer 48

Quantitative Data

Question 49

A bond or collection between two or more variables.

Answer 49

Relationship

Question 50

The overall plan for addressing a research question, including strategies for enhancing the study's integrity.

Answer 50

Research Design

Question 51

The subset of a population selected to participate in a study.

Answer 51

Sample

Question 52

The collection of qualitative data to the point where a sense of closure is attained because new data yield redundant information.

Answer 52

Saturation

Question 53

The organization and analysis of quantitative data using statistical procedures, including both descriptive and inferential statistics.

Answer 53

Statistical Analysis

Question 54

An individual who participates and provides information in a study.

Answer 54

Study Participant

Question 55

An individual who participates and provides data in a study; term used primarily in quantitative research

Answer 55

Subject

Question 56

A recurring regularity emerging from an analysis of qualitative data.

Answer 56

Theme

Question 57

An attribute that varies, that, takes on different values (e.g., body temperature, heart rate).

Answer 57

Variable

Question 58

A brief description of a study, located at the beginning of a report

Answer 58

Abstract

Question 59

Any influence that distorts the results of the study and undermines validity

Answer 59

Bias

Question 60

The process of preventing those involved in the study (participants, intervention agents, data collectors, or healthcare providers) from having information that could lead to a bias, particularity information about which treatment group a participant is in; also called masking

Answer 60

Blinding

Question 61

A variable that is extraneous to the research question and that confounds understanding of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variables can be controlled in the research design in through statistical procedures

Answer 61

Confounding variable

Question 62

A criterion for evaluating integrity and trustworthiness in qualitative studies, referring to the confidence in the truth of the data; analogous to internal validity and quantitative research

Answer 62

Credibility

Question 63

A critical appraisal that analyzes both weaknesses and strengths of a research report

Answer 63

Critique

Question 64

The results of the analysis of research data

Answer 64

Findings

Question 65

The organization of a research report into four main sections: the introduction, method, results, and discussion sections

Answer 65

IMRAD format

Question 66

In research, a conclusion drawn from the study evidence, taking into account the methods used to generate that evidence

Answer 66

Inference

Question 67

A report appearing in professional journals such as research and nursing

Answer 67

Journal article

Question 68

The risk of making a type one error in a statistical analysis, with the criterion (Alpha) established by the researcher before hand

Answer 68

Level of significance

Question 69

In statistical testing, the probability that the obtained results are due to chance alone; the probability of a type one error

Answer 69

P value

Question 70

A sham or pseudo intervention sometimes used as a control group condition

Answer 70

Placebo

Question 71

An important concept in quantitative research, involving having certain features of the study established by chance rather than design or personal preference

Answer 71

Randomness

Question 72

In qualitative studies, the researcher's critical self-reflection about his or her own biases, preferences, and preconceptions

Answer 72

Reflexivity

Question 73

The extent to which a measurement is free from measurement error; more broadly, the extent to which scores for people who have not changed are the same for repeated measurements

Answer 73

Reliability

Question 74

The degree to which a study is methodologically and conceptually sound

Answer 74

Scientific merit

Question 75

A term indicating that the results from an analysis of sample data are unlikely to have been caused by chance, at a specified level of probability

Answer 75

Statistical significance

Question 76

An analytical tool that estimates the probability that obtained results from a sample reflect true population values

Answer 76

Statistical test

Question 77

The extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings or groups; analogous to generalizability

Answer 77

Transferability

Question 78

The use of multiple methods to collect and interpret data about a phenomenon to converge on an accurate representation of reality

Answer 78

Triangulation

Question 79

The degree of confidence qualitative researchers have in their data and analysis, most often assessed using that criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability, and authenticity

Answer 79

Trustworthiness

Question 80

A quality criterion referring to the degree to which the inference made in a study are accurate and well offended; in measurement, the degree to which an instrument measures what is it intended to measure

Answer 80

Validity

Question 81

The fundamental ethical principles established by a discipline or institution to guide researchers' conduct in research with human (or animal) study participants.

Answer 81

Code of Ethics

Question 82

A paper that outlines the important ethical principals that should be followed when doing research involving human subjects. It was issue by the national commision of the experts in the United State in 1978

Answer 82

Belmont Report

Question 83

When one or more ethical principles are in conflict, each carry favorable and unfavorable consequences

Answer 83

Ethical Dilemma

Question 84

An ethical principle that seeks to maximize benefits for study participants, and prevent harm.

Answer 84

Beneficence

Question 85

A monetary payment to individuals participating in a study to serve as an incentive for participation and/or to compensate for time and expenses.

Answer 85

Stipend

Question 86

The communication of complete, accurate information to potential study participants.

Answer 86

Full Disclosure

Question 87

The relative costs and benefits, to an individual subject and to society at large, of participation in a study; also, the relative costs and benefits of implementing an innovation.

Answer 87

Risk-Benefit Ratio

Question 88

Anticipated risks that are no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine tests or procedures.

Answer 88

Minimal Risk

Question 89

An ethical principle that requires researchers to obtain people's voluntary participation in a study, after informing them of possible risks and benefits.

Answer 89

Informed Consent

Question 90

Consent to participate in a study that a researcher assumes has been given on participant's actions, such as returning a completed questionnaire.

Answer 90

Implied Consent

Question 91

In a qualitative study, an ongoing, transactional process of negotiating consent with participants, allowing them to collaborate in the decision making about their continued participation.

Answer 91

Process Consent

Question 92

Protection of participants' confidentiality such that even the researcher cannot link individuals with the data they provided.

Answer 92

Anonymity

Question 93

Protection of study participants so that data provided are never publicly divulged.

Answer 93

Confidentiality

Question 94

Special groups of people whose rights in studies need special protection because of their inability to provide meaningful informed consent or because their circumstances place them at higher-than-average-risk of adverse effects (e.g., children, unconscious patients).

Answer 94

Vulnerable Populations

Question 95

The affirmative agreement of members of a vulnerable group (e.g., children) to participate in a study.

Answer 95

Assent

Question 96

In the United States, a group of people affiliated with an institution who convene to review proposed and ongoing studies with respect to ethical considerations.

Answer 96

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Question 97

Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for conducting or reporting research.

Answer 97

Research Misconduct

Question 98

The hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the direction of the relationship between two variables

Answer 98

Directional hypothesis

Question 99

A research hypothesis that does not stipulate the expected direction of the relationship between variables

Answer 99

Nondirectional hypothesis

Question 100

A hypothesis stating the absence of the relationship between the variables understudy; used primarily and statistical testing as a hypothesis is to be rejected

Answer 100

Null hypothesis

Question 101

An expression of a dilemma or disturbing situation that needs investigation

Answer 101

Problem statement

Question 102

The actual hypothesis a researcher which is to test, stating the anticipated relationship between two or more variables

Answer 102

Research hypothesis

Question 103

A disturbing or perplexing condition that can be investigated through disciplined inquiry

Answer 103

Research problem

Question 104

A specific query the researcher wants to answer to address a research problem

Answer 104

Research question

Question 105

A declarative statement of the overall goals of the study

Answer 105

Statement of purpose