Quiz questions

Question 1

The condition of the male breast in the image below is called?

Answer 1

Gynaecomastia

Question 2

True or false?
Breast ultrasound can better evaluate hard to reach places such as parasternal tissue & axilla that is not well seen on mammo

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The most common clinical sign of breast carcinoma is what?

Answer 3

Palpable lump

Question 4

List 4 advantages of breast ultrasound over mammo

Answer 4

1. Better visualisation of juxtathoracic deep tissue
2. No radiation exposure
3. Differentation of cystic vs solid smooth masses
4. More comfortable examination for the patient

Question 5

List some sonographic characteristics of fibroadenoma

Answer 5

Uniform, low level homogenous echoes

Question 6

List 3 of the most important signs to look for in determining a cystic lesion

Answer 6

1. Well defined borders
2. Good through transmission
3. Anechoic

Question 7

What is the typical sonographic appearance of benign lymph nodes?

Answer 7

• <2cm
• Oval shape
• Hilum increased echogenicity
• Smooth, sharp margins
• Absent peripherally vascularity but central vessel flow

Question 7

Sonographically describe the image

Answer 7

Complex cystic lesion with smooth regular margins and good TTE

Question 8

Describe this lesion

Answer 8

• Solid lesion
• Irregular/disruptive/invsaive margins

Question 9

True or false?

This mammographic lesion is more likely to be benign than malignant

Answer 9

False

Question 10

Sonographically describe this lesion

Answer 10

• Simple cyst
• Anechoic
• TTE, non disruptive
• Thin-walled, well-defined, smooth margins

Question 11

Skin dimpling may be caused by which one of the following?

Answer 11

Retraction of tissue secondary to tumour infiltration

Question 12

What forms the fibrous skeleton responsible for maintaining breast shape?

Answer 12

Cooper’s ligaments

Question 13

List 1 characteristic of possible breast cancer on mammo & ultrasound

Answer 13

• smooth low density mass on mammo
• solid lesion unchanged in 3 yrs on ultrasound

Question 14

What is the most infiltrative form of placenta accreta spectrum?

Answer 14

Placenta percreta

Question 15

List the routine measurements for second tri fetal biometric asssessment

Answer 15

• AC
• BPD
• TCD
• HC
• FL

Question 16

What is the meaning of G5P3M1?

Answer 16

Gravida(gestations): 5
Para (births): 3
Miscarriage: 1

Question 17

What is the normal HC/AC ratio after 34 weeks gestation?

Answer 17

<1

Question 18

a) A nulliparous woman at 24 weeks gestation undergoes a transabdominal ultrasound that indicates a cervical length of 2.4 cm with no dynamic changes. What does this cervical length suggest?

b) What additional clinical signs is the woman experiencing in this case that can help rule out immediate preterm labor?

c) What condition is the patient at risk for based on the findings of a shortened cervix (2.4 cm) at 24 weeks?

Answer 18

a) May be at risk for preterm labor, a shortened cervix before 24 weeks increases the risk of early deliver

b) Not experiencing contractions, vaginal bleeding, or leaking of amniotic fluid, = lowers the immediate likelihood of active preterm labor but shortened cervix remains a concern.

c) Risk for preterm labor due to cervical insufficiency or shortening, can lead to preterm birth

Question 19

List some additional (non routine) bio-metric parameters

Answer 19

Radial length
Trans-cerebellar diameter
Foot length
Binocular

Question 20

What is wrong with this image?

Answer 20

Bladder is over distended, distorting cervix

Question 21

Name the landmarks that are visualised on a correct BPD plane

Answer 21

• Falx cerebri
• Thalamus
• Cavaum septum pellucidum

Question 22

List possible causes of polyhydraminos

Answer 22

• Genetic disorders
• Congenital anomalies
• Maternal diabetes
• Fetal aneamia

Question 23

List some facts about oligohydraminos

Answer 23

• Can be caused by bladder outlet obstruction
• Requires detailed maternal history if seen
• Prolonged can cause Potter’s sequence
• Can lead to pulmonary hypoplasia
• Can be caused by maternal hypertension

Question 24

The sonographic criteria used to diagnose a low lying placenta is when the inferior margin is:

Answer 24

Within 2cm of internal os

Question 25

What is the landmark for correct abdominal circumference (AC)

Answer 25

Umbilical vein seen in transverse 1/3 of the way between anterior abdominal wall and spine

Question 26

What is the criteria for marginal placental cord insertion?

Answer 26

Cord insertion within 2cm of placenta edge

Question 27

What is the name of the condition where the fetal head has a relatively narrow bi-parietal diameter and larger fronto-occipital diameter

Answer 27

Doliocephaly

Question 28

A nulliparous woman at 24 weeks gestation undergoes transadominal ultrasonography that indicates a cervical length of 2.4cm. No dynamic changes are observed and the fetal size is consistent with dates. A repeat TV ultrasound is performed 2 weeks later ( Image A). She has experienced no contractions, vaginal bleeding or leaking of amniotic fluid. Discuss this significance of this finding. What condition is the patient at risk for in Images A and B? Which image is more severe and why?

Answer 28

Patient presents at 24 weeks gestation and the cervix measured 24mm. Image A represents an ultrasound performed 2 weeks later and demonstrated a cervix length of 20mm on transvaginal assessment. This suggests that the cervix has continued to shorten. Image A and B both demonstrate an increased risk of preterm birth. Image B is more severe as there is no residual cervix and the membranes are within the canal. The cervix demonstrates a funnel width of 29.7mm. Bulging membranes suggest delivery is close. The risk of preterm birth is much higher for the patient demonstrated in Image B.

Question 29

Anencephaly

Answer 29

Name the condition where there is a serioes deficiency of skull and brain tissue

Question 30

Define the lemon sign

Answer 30

Occurs with spina bifida, frontal lobes collapse inward

Question 31

Define the banana sign

Answer 31

Refers to shape of cerebellum when a spinal defect is present

Question 32

Fetal head is relatively wide inthe transverse diameter and shortened in AP diameter

Answer 32

Brachycephaly

Question 33

Fetal head is relatively narrow in the transverse plane

Answer 33

Dolichocephaly

Question 34

Extrapulmonary tissue present within pleural lung sac or connected to inferior border of lung within its own pleural sac

Answer 34

Pulmonary sequestration

Question 35

Small underdevelopd lugns with resultant reduction in lung volume. Secondary to prolonged oligohydraminos

Answer 35

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 36

Opening in the pleuroperitoneal membrane

Answer 36

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Question 37

Abnormality in the formation of the bronchial tree with secondary overgrowth of the mesenchymal tissue from arrested bronchial development

Answer 37

Congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformation

Question 38

List the sonographic features of agenesis of the corpus callosum

Answer 38

- Mild ventriculomegaly - Dilatation of occipital horns of lateral ventricles (teardrop shaped ventricle) - Steer horn sign shape of frontal horns - Abnormal course or absence of pericallosal artery - Sunburst arrangement of sulci/gyri

Question 39

eyes too close together

Answer 39

Hypotelorism

Question 40

malformation of the lymphatic system that leads to single or multiloculated lymph-filled cavities around the neck

Answer 40

Fetal cystic hygroma

Question 41

a cylindrical protuberance of the face that in cyclopia represents the nos

Answer 41

Proboscis

Question 42

small chin

Answer 42

Micrognathia

Question 43

group of disorders having in common the coexistence of an omphalocele, macroglossia, and hepatomegaly

Answer 43

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Question 44

congenital defect which causes a deficiency in the forebrain

Answer 44

Holoprosencephaly

Question 45

The following image depicts which form of spina bifida, that is associated with altered brain anatomy such as the 'banana' sign and the 'lemon' sign?

Answer 45

Myelomeningocele

Question 46

The above image was obtained in the late 2nd trimester. What is demonstrated in this image? Is the above image normal or abnormal? Discuss your reasons.

Question 47

Name the plane in which the ventricles are measured and define the criteria required for this view and accurate measurements.

Question 48

Define what measurements are used to classify the degree of ventriculomegaly.

Question 49

open spinal defect characterised by protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect

Answer 49

Meningomyelocele

Question 50

Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral ventricles leading to the dilatationof the ventricles; commonly associated with other fetal anomalies.

Answer 50

Ventriculomegaly

Question 51

Closed spinal defect characterised by protrusion of the spinal meninges

Answer 51

Meningocele

Question 52

NTD characterised by lack of development of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and cranial vault; abnormality incompatible with life.,

Answer 52

Anencephaly

Question 53

Condition associated with anencephaly in which there is complete or partial absence of the cranial bones

Answer 53

Acrania

Question 54

True or false? Myelomeningocele is an open type of spina bifida

Answer 54

True