Quiz Questions Part 1 Flashcards
(225 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
A
Osteoblast: form bone
Osteocyte: maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclast: remodel bone
2
Q
What are the bone cells embedded in?
A
An amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals.
3
Q
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
A
Glycosaminoglycans
4
Q
What is the principle type of protein fiber found in bone?
A
Type 1 collagen
5
Q
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
A
Hydroxyapatite
6
Q
What is wolffs law as it pertains to bone?
A
Living tissue will respond to stressors
Bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
7
Q
What are the three main responses of bone to allow it to be described as “living”?
A
Heal
Remodel under stressors and
Age
8
Q
What is bone the embryological derivative of?
A
Mesenchyme or cartilage
9
Q
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
A
Intramebranous ossification
10
Q
What is the timing for appearance of intramembranous ossification?
A
From the second to the third month in utero
11
Q
What bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?
A
Nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible and clavicle, squama of the temporal and occipital bones and the greater wing of the sphenoid.
12
Q
What bones of the facial skeleton are formed by intramembranous ossification?
A
Nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, maxilla and part of the mandible
13
Q
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
A
Endochondral ossification
14
Q
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
A
Chondrocranium
15
Q
What skull bones ossify by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
A
Mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones
16
Q
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering on bone?
A
Periosteum
17
Q
What are the four basic tissues of the human body?
A
Epithelium
Muscle
Neural tissue
Connective tissue
18
Q
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
A
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones
19
Q
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?
A
Heterotopic and accessory bone
20
Q
What is the name given to bone formed in non-bone location?
A
Heterotopic bone
21
Q
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
A
They are essentially cuboidal
22
Q
What are the examples of short bones?
A
Most of the bones of carpals and tarsals
23
Q
What are examples of flat bones?
A
Parietal bone and sternum
24
Q
What is the characteristic of pneumatic bone?
A
Air spaces within the bone
25
What are the examples of pneumatic bone?
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal
26
What bones contain paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla and sphenoid
27
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
The bone develops within a tendon
28
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bone?
Patella and pisiform
29
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
Calcific deposits in pineal gland, heart and ligaments
30
What are examples of accessory bone?
Para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
31
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
Elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets
32
What are the types of osseous elevations?
Linear, rounded and sharp
33
What are the types of osseous linear elevations?
The line, ridge and crest
34
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus
35
What is the definition of an osseous trochanter?
A large, blunt projection from the surface of bone with a significant base and height
36
What is the definition of and osseous malleolus?
A hammer-head likee elevation on the surface of bone
37
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
Spine and process
38
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
Linear and rounded
39
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
Notch or incisure, groove and sulcus
40
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
The fovea and fossa
41
What is the definition of an osseous fovea?
A shallow depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone.
42
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
Ostium of orifice and hiatus
43
What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?
An irregular opening on the surface of bone
44
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
Foramen or canal
45
What is the definition of an osseous foramen?
An ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
46
What is the definition of an osseous canal?
An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
47
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
Meatus
48
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
An irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones
49
What are the categories of osseous facets?
Flat facets and rounded facets
50
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
Articular heads and articular condyles
51
What is the definition of an osseous condyle?
A knuckle-shaped surface on bone for osseous articulation
52
How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
53
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80
54
What bones form the axial skeleton?
Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
55
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
The cranium
56
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
57
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
58
What bones form the facial skeleton?
Mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and zygomatic
59
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14
60
How many bones comprise the typical adult auditory ossicles?
6 bones
61
How many bones are present in the adult hyoid?
One bone
62
What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
63
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
The spine
64
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones
65
What is the definition of "spine" as it pertains to the vertebral column?
The pre-sacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column
66
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
67
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
The manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process
68
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pair or 24 ribs
69
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?
33 segments
70
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
26 segments
71
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?
24 segments
72
What constitutes the spine?
24 presacral segments, the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
73
How many segments unite to form the sacrum?
5 segments
74
How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?
4 segments
75
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
The two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, and three toed sloth
76
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
The ant bear and the three-toed sloth
77
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
The manatee and two-toed sloth
78
What does the term cervical refer to?
The region of the neck
79
What does the term "thoracic" refer to?
Breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
80
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
The dorsal segments; the dorsals
81
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?
12 segments
82
What does the term "lumbar" refer to?
The loin; the region between the rib and the hip
83
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?
5 segments
84
What does the term "sacrum" refer to?
The holy bone or holy region
85
What does the term "coccyx" refer to?
A cuckoo birds' bill or cuckoo birds' beak
86
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
About 70 cm or 28 inches
87
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
About 60 centimeters or 25 inches
88
What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?
About 3 inches
89
What is the length of the male cervical region?
About 12 centimeters or 5 inches
90
What is the length of the male thoracic region?
About 28 centimeters or 11 inches
91
What is the length of the male lumbar region?
About 18 centimeters or 7 inches
92
What is the length of the male sacrum?
About 12 centimeters or 5 inches
93
Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine?
About 58 cm or 23 in
94
What parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column?
The head, UL, ribs, viscera and pelvis
95
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
Ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
96
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accomodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 and the auricular surface
97
Distinguish between motion and locomotion
Motion is movement without travel; locomotion is movement to a new site or location
98
What organ(s) is (are) specifically associated witht the horizontal axis of the skull?
The eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
99
What are the 3 layers of the embryo called?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
100
Invagination of the ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
Notocord
101
What is the name given to mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?
Paraxial mesoderm
102
What does paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column
Somites
103
What part of the somite will give rise to the vertebral column?
Sclerotome
104
List, in order, the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?
Membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous
105
Migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?
The perichordal blastema
106
The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
Neural processes and costal processes
107
What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?
Intersegmental artery
108
Cell proliferation within the perichordal blastema will result in what features?
A loose cranial sclerotomite and a dense caudal sclerotomite
109
What forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?
The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)
110
What is the earliest embryonic feature that will identify the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
The intrasclerotomal fissure (of von Ebner)
111
The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema gives rise to what feature?
The vertebral blastema
112
What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
The segmental artery
113
What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
Chondrification
114
Chondrification begins in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?
The cervical region
115
What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?
Centrum center, neural arch center, transverse process center
116
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?
Six... 2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arch, 2 for each transverse process
117
What is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in cartilagenous vertebra?
During the 7th embryonic week
118
What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossificaiton for a typical vertebra?
3 primary centers: 5 secondary centers
119
What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
Centrum centers and neural arch centers
120
What is the classification of the joint forming between primary centers of ossification?
Cartilage synchondrosis/amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
121
What are the names of the synchondroses forming between primary centers of ossification in the typical vertebra?
Neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis
122
What are the names of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
Tip of transverse process, tip of spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers
123
How many secondary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?
Five... 1 for the tip of each transverse process, 1 for the tip of the spinous process, 1 for each epiphyseal plate
124
What is the classification of the joint forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?
Cartilage synchondrosis/amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
125
What are the names of the synchondroses forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?
Tip of the transverse process synchondrosis, tip of the spinous process synchondrosis, and epiphyseal ring synchondrosis
126
What is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?
During puberty, typically ages 11-16 yrs old.
127
What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebra?
The vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the apophyseal regions
128
What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
Cervical-rectangular; thoracic-triangular; lumbar-rentiform
129
What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim
130
What is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal plate, inferior epiphyseal plate
131
What are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body
Nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
132
What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?
The basivertebral venous foramen
133
What is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?
The superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
| The inferior vertebral notch of inferior vertebral incisure
134
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
Cervical- posterolateral
Thoracic- posterior, slightly lateral
Lumbar- posterior
135
What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?
The pedicle
136
All lamina are oriented in what direction?
Posterior and median
137
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?
Shingling
138
What ligament will attach to the lamina?
The ligamentum flavum
139
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?
Para-articular process
140
What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?
Accessory bone
141
What is the name given to the lamina-pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
Cervical-articular pillar
| Thoracic and lumbar-pars interarticularis
142
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch-spinous process on lateral X-ray?
The spinolaminar junction
143
What is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral arch?
The apophyseal regions
144
What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?
The transverse apophysis or transverse process; articular apophysis or articular process; spinous apophysis or spinous process
145
What is the generic orientatiion of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical- anterolateral
Thoracic- posterolateral
Lumbar- lateral
146
All non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?
The costal element
147
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
148
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
149
What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple
The zigapophysis
150
What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?
Superior articular facet
151
What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis
The inferior articular facet
152
In the vertebral couplle, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygaphophysis is called the....
Pre-zygapophysis
153
In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the....
Post-zygapophysis
154
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?
The superior articular process or superior articular apophysis
155
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post-zygapophysis?
The inferior articular process or inferior articular apophysis
156
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The inferior articular process/post-zygapophysis, the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
157
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament
158
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?
Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane
159
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on X-ray?
Imbrication
160
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the tip of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?
The spinous tubercle
161
What is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical- slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic- noticeable angle inferiorly
Lumbar- no inferior angle
162
What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column?
Cecrvical-triangular; thoracic- oval; lumbar- triangular; sacrum- triangular
163
At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate?
L1
164
At what vertebral level will the dural sac typically terminate?
S2
165
Which of the segmental arteries will arise from the internal iliac artery?
The iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries
166
Identify all segmental arteries
Vertebral, ascending cervical, deep cervical, superior (highest) intercostal, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, iliolumbar, lateral sacral and median (middle) sacral
167
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?
The vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery and deep cervical artery
168
What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?
The deep cervical artery, superior (highest) intercostal artery, posterior intercostal artery and subcostal artery
169
What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine?
The lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median (middle) sacral artery
170
What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
The iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median (middle) sacral artery
171
What segmental levels are supplied by the ascending cervical artery?
C1-C6
172
What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery?
C7-T1
173
What segmental levels are supplied by the superior (highest) intercostal artery?
T1,T2
174
What segmental levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery?
T3-T11
175
What segmental levels are supplied by the subcostal artery?
T12
176
What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries?
L1-L4
177
What segmental levels are supplied by the median (middle) sacral artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
178
What segmental levels is/are supplied by the iliolumbar artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
179
What segmental levels is/are supplied by the lateral sacral artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
180
Which vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it?
L5
181
What are the segmental arteries for L5?
Iliolumbar artery, median (middle) sacral artery and lateral sacral artery
182
What branch of the segmental artery supplies the vertebra and the paravertebral region?
Dorsospinal artery
183
Which artery is primarily observed in the distal part of the intervertebral foramen?
Spinal artery
184
What are the branches of the spinal artery?
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery, anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery
185
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space?
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery
186
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
187
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
188
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space?
Anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery
189
Which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?
Anterior radicular artery
190
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root and nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular artery
191
Which artery is now said to enlarge and form the medullary feeder artery?
The radicular artery
192
What is the location and number of medullary feeder arteries present in the adult?
9 anterior and 12 posterior medullary feeder arteries
193
What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?
Anterior spinal artery
194
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The vertebral artery
195
Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continous artery along the spinal cord?
No
196
As tthe anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
197
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery
198
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?
It lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord
199
As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Posterior medullary feeder arteriees
200
What forms the arterial vasa corona above C3?
Right and left anterior spinal arteries, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 4 communicating arteries
201
What forms the arterial vasa corona below C6?
A median anterior spinal artery, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 3 communicating arteries
202
What is the generic name given to arteries that penetrate the spinal cord?
Intramedullary arteries
203
What is the intramedullary branches of the arterial vasa corona?
Pial perforating arteries and central/vental/sulcal perforating arteries
204
What artery gives off the ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries?
The anterior spinal artery
205
What arteries are responsible for supplementing the arterial vasa corona along the cord?
Anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
206
What vessels drain the spinal cord?
Pial veins
207
What will pial veins drain into?
Venous vasa corona
208
Which vessels form the venous vasa corona?
Right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communicating veins
209
Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?
Anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins
210
Which vessels will drain the ventral/anterior nerve roots?
Anterior radicular veins
211
What vessel will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular veins
212
What veins will lie in the subarachnoid space?
Pial veins, venous vasa corona, anterior longitudinal veins, posterior longitudinal veins, communicating veins, anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins, anterior radicular veins, posterior radicular veins
213
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein
214
What veins are observed in thhe epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
215
What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?
Intervertebral veins
216
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis) and the commonly accepted meaning of each
Dura mater- tough mother; arachnoid mater- spider mother; pia mater- tender or delicate mother
217
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?
Interstitial fluid
218
What are the vascular contents of the epidural space?
Anterior and posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
219
What are the neural contents of the epidural space?
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
220
What ligaments are associated with the epidural space?
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
221
Which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
222
Which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve
223
Which of the ligaments of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Posterior longitudinal ligament and hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
224
Which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
| Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
225
Which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve
