Quiz S5 P3

Question 1

Social cognition

Answer 1

The study of how people understand their world: their thinking, their actions, and the environment in which their behavior occurs.

Question 2

Baron and Bryne

Answer 2

Explain that to make sense of the world we must engage in three cognitive processes:
1. interpret the information
2. analyze the initial valuation
3. recall previous knowledge and experiences

Question 3

Helder - naïve scientists

Answer 3

individuals who attempt to link observable behaviors with unobservable causes (interpret the meaning of behavior based on causes rather than the behavior itself)

Question 4

Principles of social cognition

Answer 4

1. people are cognitive misers
2. humans engage in both automatic and controlled thinking
3. humans seek consistency in behavior
4. self esteem guides human behavior

Question 5

people are cognitive misers definition

Answer 5

human beings are limited in their ability and capacity to process information. accuracy may be sacrificed in favor of making a quick decision

Question 6

humans engage in both automatic and controlled thinking definition

Answer 6

when faced with a familiar or repetitive situation, people often rely on automatic thought processes as this requires less time and effort

Question 7

humans seek consistency in behavior definition

Answer 7

inconsistent cognition is self-justified by making a behavior consistent

Question 8

self esteem guides human behavior definition

Answer 8

people with higher self-esteem prove to have better performance on cognitive tasks or in social situations

Question 9

Attribution theory

Answer 9

when interpreting behavior of others we tend to attribute dispositional/personal and situational/external factors

Question 10

correspondent inference theory Jones and Davis

Answer 10

the personality characteristic actually corresponds to the behavior itself.

Question 11

Jones and Davis: factors that affect the probability of making dispositional attributions?

Answer 11

1. hedonic relevance: behavior affects + or - to the person making the attribution
2. free choice: if the person decides to act in their own will, we are more likely to make a dispositional attribution
3. social desirability

Question 12

Covariation model

Answer 12

takes both dispositional and situational factors into account.
1. consensus: how do other people react to same situation
2. consistency: how much do people react the same way
3. distinctiveness: is this person’s behavior different from his behavior in other situations

Question 13

casual schemata model

Answer 13

for people we do not know, we use preconceived ideas about the causes of an event or behavior based on past or similar experiences

Question 14

The fundamental attribution error

Answer 14

the FAE refers to the tendency to overestimate the importance of dispositional factors and underestimate the importance of situational factors

Question 15

the ultimate attribution error

Answer 15

uae is the tendency to underestimate situational factors and overestimate personal factors as causes of behavior at a group level

Question 16

what are social stereotypes?

Answer 16

Social stereotypes are grossly over-simplied and generalized abstractions that people share about their own group and another group

Question 17

what role do gatekeepers have in stereotypes?

Answer 17

they could influence stereotypes (and could lead to higher amount of prejudice) due to the information shared

Question 18

what is accessibility in stereotypes?

Answer 18

the ease with which you can use your schema due to the fact the memories have been retrieved easily.

Question 19

what is priming in stereotypes?

Answer 19

the process by which your recent personal experience increases the accessibility of a schema

Question 20

Acculturation - Berry (4 strategies)

Answer 20

1. assimilation: when people are open to change and not worried about some loss of their original culture
2. separation: people value the original culture and do not seek to lose values. avoid contact with other cultures
3. integration: retain values bot also seek daily interaction with other cultures
4. marginalization: people have little interest in maintaining their own culture and at the same time little interest in opening up to other cultures

Question 21

Hypothesis of Tajfel 1971

Answer 21

Tajfel hypothesized that categorization and discrimination operate automatically, even when there is not necessarily any prior prejudice.

Question 22

obvious conclusion in Tajfel 1971

Answer 22

natural tendency of members of a group to favor their in-group.

Question 23

Grain of truth hypothesis

Answer 23

improper generalizations

Question 24

Illusory Correlations

Answer 24

View two variables as related when they are not

Question 25

Social Identity Theory

Answer 25

Tajfel and Turner recognize the existence of two different types of self - Social Identity - Personal Identity

Question 26

Reciprocal Triadic Determinism)

Answer 26

- Behavior (actions and decisions) - Environment - Personal internal skills

Question 27

Social Cognitive Theory Components

Answer 27

Observation - Attention - Retention Cognition - Reproduction - Motivation

Question 28

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 28

attempt to explain how we learn from others assumes that most behaviors are learned from the environment to learn something, a person must observe the behavior and then try.