Quizes Flashcards by Serena litt

The faster part of the glacier is usually at the 
A)sides of base
B) center of base 
C) sides of the surface 
D) center of the surface

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A large deposit of terminal moraine in a valley may indicate that 
A)a glacier passed through quickly 
B)a glacier calves there 
C)an ice front remained there 
D) two glaciers joined there

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One way to determine the direction which a glacier passed through a valley is to study 
A) potholes in the valley floor 
B) it's riches moutonnees
C) in ground moraine 
D) it's nunataks

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A geologist studying a glacial area concluded that some of the sediments had been carried by glacial meltwater because they were 
A) newly formed 
B) U sorted 
C) stratified 
D) very old

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Which one of the following is not characteristics of the sediment in a moraine
A) there is lack of strata
B) the sediment is poorly sorted
C) the particles are not well rounded
D) the sand -sized particles are virtually all Quartz
E) the sediments form lateral and terminal features

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Which of the following features of glacial activity is the product of deposition all processes rather than erosion ?
A) fjord
B) hanging valley 
C) kettle 
D) cirque 
E) horn

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Glaciers are most likely to be formed in areas which are ?
A)high above sea level but close to the equator
B)close to sea level but far from the equator
C)high above sea level and far away from equator
D) close to sea level and close to the equator

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Which of the following is NOT characteristics of glacially shaped landscapes? 
A) an arête 
B) a cirque 
C) a hanging valley
D) a truncated spur 
E) a v-shaped valley

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Which of the following features are typical of both alpine and continental glaciation ?
A) striations and erratics 
B) drumlins and cirques 
C) striations and cirques 
D) drumlins and erratics

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Which of the following is a deposit formed by a glacier 
A) a striation
B) a drumlin
C) a cirque 
D) an arête

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A bowl-shaped depression at the head of a glacial valley is called 
A) a kettle
B) an arête 
C) a cirque 
D) an oxbow

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What is the name for a ridge between two glacial valleys 
A)col
B)horn
C) arête
D) Roche mouton

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The erosional feature that results from glaciation is a(n) 
A) arête 
B) esker 
C) Kame 
D) moraine

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What is the name of the material that forms stripes down the length of a glacier 
A) terminal moraine 
B) recessional moraine 
C) medial moraine 
D) ground moraine

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Glacial sediment deposited directly by melting ice is called 
A) till
B)breccia 
C) a varve 
D) a moraine

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The name given to a narrow ridge between two glacial valleys is a(n) 
A) esker 
B) tarn 
C) arête 
D) cirque

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Which of the following is NOT a feature of glacial deposition 
A) Kame
B)esker
C)cirque 
D)moraine

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Which of the following is least likely cause of past ice ages
A) changes in the tilt of the earth’s axis b) a decrease in the earths internal heat
C) blocking of solar radiation by volcanic ash and dust
D) changes in oceanic circulation due to continental drift

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The granular stage between snow and glacial ice 
A) water 
B) crystals 
C) fern (nevee) 
D)recrystallization 
E) melting

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An armchair-like basin excavated in bedrock by a glacier is a(n) 
A) arête 
B) hanging valley 
C) cirque 
D)U- shaped valley 
E)horn

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A long sinuous ridge of glacio-flu vial sediment is known as a 
A) drumlin 
B) kettle
C) esker 
D) lateral moraine 
E) medical moraine

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(Bp means before present)
The period of glaciation from approximately 2m.y.b.p to 10,000 years bp is known as the 
A) Holocene 
B) Pliocene 
C) Miocene 
D) Oligocene 
E) Pleistocene

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Fallen snow that is compressed and recrystallized becomes rough granular ice material called 
A) drift 
B) firn 
C) slush 
D) frost

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Which of the following processes would be primarily responsible for the formation of a hanging valley
A) erosion by glacial ice
B) direct deposition by glacial ice
C) deposition by meltwater from glaciers
D) a hanging valley is not formed by a glacial process

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Which of the following processes would be primarily responsible for the formation of an esker A) erosion by glacial ice B) direct deposition by glacial ice C) deposition by meltwater from glaciers D) an esker is not formed by a glacial process

``` In which one of the following locations would a medial moraine be found A) under till B) on the side of a glacier C) as part of a Kame terrace D) at the terminus of a glacier E) as a ridge on the middle of a glacier ```

``` Glacial erosion is directly affected by the A) thickness of the ice B) temperature of the ice C) crystal size of ice grains D) water-to-ice ratio ```

``` All of the following glacial features could be used to determine the original flow direction of an ice flow EXCEPT A) drumlins B) striations C) eskers D) kettles ```

``` Which of the following features is a result of glacial deposition A) erratic B) arête C) cirque D) horn ```

Which of the following has been considered by geologists as a possible cause of the last ice age A) reduction in sea level B) runaway greenhouse effect C) destruction of the ozone layer D) changes in earths tilt, wobble and orbit

Which of the following statements BEST describe a valley glacier A) it is only a few meters thick B) it is a slow-moving wedge of ice C) only the highest mountain peaks reach above it D) it sometimes breaks into chunks called icebergs

``` When traveling from the earths equated to the poles, the snow lines A) become lower B) become higher C) become thicker D) become thinner ```

``` Galician crevasses rarely go deeper that forty meters because the ice at that depth is A) more brittle B) colder C) more flexible D) harder ```

``` Large glacial boulders that have been moved into an area are called A) erratics B) drumlins C) eskers D) nunataks ```

``` The max rate of movement of a glacier would probably occur on a A) steep slope during summer B) steep slope during fall C) gentle slope during summer D) gentle slope during spring ```

``` GLACIAL FEATURES U 40 The furthest advance of a glacier is best indicated by A) kettles B) drumlins C) Kame terraces D) terminal moraines ```

``` What is the best info that glacial striations can provide geologists A) the exact date of glaciation B) the thickness of the ice sheet C) the speed the glacier was moving D) the direction of the glaciers flow ```

``` All of the following result from glacial deposition except A) Kames B) erratics C) moraines D) striations ```

``` Drumlins can be used to give an indication of a glaciers A) rate of advance B) direction of flow C) time of formation D) duration of advance ```

``` A terminal moraine could not be used to provide info on a glacier's A) furthest advance B) direction of flow C) rate of ice formation D) max size and shape ```

``` Which is associated with ice sheets A) end moraines B) arête C) lateral moraines D) medical moraines ```

``` The water table will be likely deepest in which A) woodland B)desert C) swamp D) farmland ```

``` An aquifer that is very deep underground is probably located A)far from its source B) close to its source C) directly above its source D) directly below its source ```

Carbonic acid in the rainwater causes caverns to be formed in limestone only when A) there is greater than a average rainfall B) the limestone is already cracked C) the limestone is very old D) all the surrounding soil has been eroded away

``` True ground water is A) all water below the ground surface B) water in the vadose zone C) water below the table D) soil moisture ```

``` Consequences of groundwater withdrawal may include A) saltwater intrusion B)surface subsidence C)compaction of a aquifer rocks D) all above ```

If fresh ground water is actively pumped in a coastal region, all of the following may occur EXCEPT A) salt water intrusion B) coning at the base of the fresh water lens C) development of a perched water table D) surface subsidence

``` A rock with spaces between the grains of its material is set to be A) permeable B) impermeable C) nonporous D) porous ```

The porosity of a rock is A) the amount of void space in it , U filled by minerals B) the ease with which fluid passed through the rock C) Independent of how the grains in the rock fit together D) a result of stress applied to the rock

``` The largest reservoir of fresh water in the global Hydrologic cycle is A) the oceans B) ice C) lakes and streams D) ground water ```

A perched water table is A) a local water table higher than the regional water table B) the top of the freshwater lens in a coastal region C) a water table artificially elevated by pumping D) the water surface in a lake

``` A terrain having abundant sink holes together and other solution features is described as A) cavernous B) porous C) permeable D) karst ```

``` A typical water well must reach A) below the zone of saturation B) only as far as the zone of aeration C) into the impermeable bedrock D) below the lowest level of the water table ```

``` A farmer in a hilly area wants to grow a crop which requires a lot of water very near the soil surface. For this reason, he will most likely plant his crop A) next to his well B) on a hill side C) on a hill TOM D) in a valley ```

``` As the population of a city increases,more water is consumed than can be replaced by rainfall. The areas water table will likely A) rise B) fluctuate C) drop D) unaffected ```

In general , the large part of deeply Buried water under land surface is derived from A) overlying groundwater and rainwater B)entrapment of seawater C) underlying magma D) fractures which lead to ocean floor E) no special sources-the water has always been there

``` All of these are examples of flows except A)debris Avalanche B)nuee ardente C)soliflucrion D)slump ```

``` Which of the following processes is not a type of mass movement A) creep B) Avalanche C) landslide D) exfoliation ```

``` Which of the following mass movements is least likely to cause loss of life A)slump B)soil creep C) debris flow D) rock Avalanche ```

Sliding occurs when ?

Shearing stress overcomes friction or shear strength

Water can ? Increase risk of sliding by adding weight to a slope B) increase the risk of sliding by accelerating the rate of weathering C) increase the risk of sliding by increasing pore pressure in rocks D) all of the above

What is a talus or scree slope ?

An accumulation of rock debris

Slow movement of soil downhill under the pull of gravity is called ?

Creep

A mass movement in which a coherent mass of material slips along a well-defined plane is a ?

Slide

``` Which of the following is NOT a process of mass wasting? A)oxidation B)slumping C)rockfall D) solifluction ```

``` Which of the following factors is least likely to TRIGGER a landslide A)force of gravity B) earth tremors C) rapid snow melt D) heavy rainstorms ```

A well that produces a reliable,year-round supply of water must reach

Below the lowest level of the water table

Ground water is Replenished by?

Recharge

``` Active pumping on a well may produce a _____________in the water table A) potentiometric surface B) cone of desperation C) sinkhole D) recharge area ```

Hard water is ?

Water containing high concentrations of calcium and magnesium

What contributes to groundwater pollution? A)septic tanks B) road salt applied to highways C) herbicides and peri idea used on farmland D) all of the above

All of the above

When large quantities of groundwater are removed in coastal regions salt water may form a

Cone of ascension

What may be concluded about a sedimentary bed which gradually changes from a limestone to a shale along the strike of the bed?

It indicates a change in deposition all environment

Cross-bending arises from

Sediment bearing water or wind flowing across a sloping surface

Carbonate sedimentation is most likely to occur in

Warm shallow waters

Which of the following could NOT be used as a clue to the direction in which clastic sediments had been transported ?

Orientation of mud cracks

Calcareous (calcite rich) sediments are most readily precipitated and preserved in

Warm shallow waters

``` Which of the following is NOT a sedimentary structure A) ripple marks B) cross beds C) striations D) mud cracks ```

C) Striations

``` Which one of the following is NOT a sedimentary structure? A) mud cracks B) ripple marks C) slip-strike fault D) cross-bedding E) fossil footprints ```

A feature that can be used to determine the "up direction" in a deformed sedimentary bed is ?

Graded bedding

An undersea current of dense muddy water is a

A turbidity current

If a beaker of seawater were left to evaporate and dry out the minerals left present in the container would most likely be

Gypsum and halite

``` Sediment what has been transformed into sed Rock has been A) lithified B) consolidated C) compacted D) permeable ```

``` Mud cracks would be likely to develop in A) beach sands B) limestone beds C) clay and sediment in a tidal flat D) evaporites deposits ```

As clastic sediments are transported by stream farther from their source A) grain size increases B)grains become more angular due to break up C) the more easily weathered minerals tend to be broken down D) all of the above

``` All of following are involved in the process of converting sediments into sedimentary rock expect A) burial B)melting C) compaction D) cementantion ```

``` If granite outcrop was weathered and eroded which pair of Rock types would most likely be formed from the sediment from this outcrop A) quartzite and sandstone B)limestone and shale C) shale and sandstone D) quartzite and limestone ```

``` Sediments composed of broken up fragments of pre existing rocks and minerals are termed A) chemical B) clastic C)carbonate D) lithified ```

``` Which of the following is a sedimentary rock formed by the lithifavtion of silt and clay A) shale B) breccia C) sandstone D) conglomerate ```

``` Clastic sediments are classified and named primarily on the basis of A) particle size B) chemical composition C) extent of lithification D) type of source material ```

``` Which is composed of finest material A) sandstone B) conglomerate C) shale D) breccia ```

Sorting is a measure of A) the range of grain size present in sediment B) range of mineral composition present C) minimum grain size present in a sediment D) abundance of coarse fragments in conglomerate

``` Small rounded grains composed of calcite are most often found in A) sandstone B) limestone C) shale D) mudstone ```

``` Ripple marks in rocks are formed by A) chemical deposits B) wind or water currents acting on sand C) fossil activities D) mud cracks ```

``` Expect the finest grained sediments to be A) beach B) steam channel C) stream delta D) deep basin far from shore ```

``` Deposition in quite environment like bottom of lake A) shale B) arkose C)sandstone D)conglomerate ```

What is associated with deposition from river

Ripple and cross beds

Which of the following statements about clay minerals is false A) they are formed by physical weathering of Quartz B) can be carried in suspension by moving water C) they are silicate minerals D) deposits of them can form must one or shale

``` Often formed by sed processes A) pyrite B) garnet C) gypsum D) asbestos ```

``` All of following are related to sedimentary rocks expect A) deposition B) cementantion C) compression D) crystallization ```

``` Fast flowing stream loses its velocity the sediments first deposited will likely result in formation of A) shale B) slate C) sandstone D) conglomerate ```

Steps of sedimentation

Weathering Erosion Deposition Compaction

``` Proccess which transformation of sed Rock is called A) metamorphism B)isostacy C)saltation D) erosion E) lithifaction ```

``` Major source of cement in sed rocks is found in A) groundwater B)conglomerate C) glacier D) glaciers ```

Organic limestone is most commonly formed in an area where there is A) much volcanic activity B) an ocean with large shallow shore area C) large rapidly running river D) heavily weathered

``` A rock face shows several distinct levels of Rock. It is most likely that the rock was formed by A) meta B) sedimentation C) earthquake D)precipitation ```

``` Which of the following is most likely to decrease during the lithifaction of sediment A) density B) porosity C) grain size D) cementantion ```

``` Which of the following is formed when water contains dissolved mineral material evaporates A) ice B) crystals C) foliation D) striations ```

``` Which is associated with chemical weathering A) hydrolysis B) oxidation C) exfoliation D) carbonic acid ```

Which of the following least affects the rate at which. Rock weathers A) the length of time since the rock was formed B) chemical composition of rock C) the climate where rock is found D) the amount of exposed surface area on rock

``` If river carries calcium in solution the bedrock in source area is probably A) obsidian B) limestone C) granite D) Quartz ```

``` Which of following will tend to increase rate of chemical breakdown of minerals in a sediment A) temp B) rainfall C) increase in biological activity D) all of above ```

``` One of the layers in the previous photograph contains limestone what type of chemical weathering is affecting this layer A) oxidation B) hydrolysis C) exfoliation D) solution ```

``` Which is most important factor in development of features in arid landscapes A) underground rivers B) low precipitation C) flash floods D) ventifacts ```

``` Some buildings are particularly susceptible to atmospheric chemical weathering especially in cities , this is because buildings are made of A) slate B) granite C) quartzite D) limestone ```

``` A magic igneous rock contains the minerals listed below. Which mineral is likely to last the longest during chemical weathering A) olivine B) pyroxene C) biotite mica D) calcium rich feldspar ```

``` The silicate mineral which is primary weathering product is A) clay B) halite C) dolomite D) hematite E) calcite ```

``` Repeated wetting and drying can break up rocks that contain A) limestone B)clay C) Quartz D) granite ```

``` Not component of pollution related acid rain A) carbon dioxide B) sulfur compounds C) water D) calcium ```

``` Which of the following rocks would be the most chemically resistant building material in industrial area A) marble B) limstone C) shale D) granite ```

``` A stone sculpture is placed outside in a moist warm climate the sculpture will be most durable if it is made out of A) granite B) shale C) marble D) limestone ```

``` Weathered most readily in temperate climate A) diorite B) granite C) gabbro D) quartzite ```

Most beneficial effect of weathering of rocks is

Soil

``` Sand easily excavated and has the best qualities for building purposes A) an esker B) cirque C) a kettle D) a moraine ```

``` Sed derived from granite batholiths and deposited at the outer edge of a delta would most likely form A) slate B) shale C) breccia D) limstone ```

``` Which affects the carrying peer of a stream A) stream discharge B) bed load C) direction of flow D) atmospheric pressure ```

River is likely to pick up more sedimentary material where it A) enters lake B) flows into wider channel C) flows around the outside of meander D) flows from high gradient to low gradient

Meanders are particularly likely to develop A) along a stream of flowing relatively slowly B) along a stream engaged in rapid down cutting C) during flooding D) below a dam

``` Running water gets most of its energy from A) gravity B) mechanical power C) sunlight D) water pressure ```

``` A stream draining a steep glacial area often becomes multi channeled when it flows onto less steep terrain because the stream A) is losing water B) is highly erosive C) picks up lots of sediment D) blocks its channels with sediment ```

In which one of the following situations is vertical erosion dominant in a stream A) where the stream flows the fastest B) where the stream has a large bed load C) where stream has steep gradient

``` Produces rounded pebbles and sand particles found in rivers bed A) abrasion B) dissolving C) lifting D) suspension ```

``` When river water appears muddy it is carrying rock material in A) suspension B) solution C) turbulence D) dissolution ```

``` The braiding of streams occurs most often A) on steep slopes B) as result of pot holing C) as the land becomes relatively flat D) as the steam picks up speed E) on alight up hill grades ```

``` Which one of the following is the main control on river erosion and deposition A) river width B). River length C) water volume D) channel shape E) water velocity ```

Streams gradient is A) a measure of how well sorted its sediments are B) the distance that is has cut below base level C) a measure of slope of the stream bed

The capacity is A) amount of water passing in giving point of time B) total amount of material that can be moved by the stream

``` Economic minerals which commonly occur as evaporate deposits are A) gold and silver B) calcite and gypsum C) galena and sphalerite D) chalcopyrite and bornite ```

Associated with rocks formed in a desert sed environment A) graded beds, ripple marks, and cross beds B) ripple marks, sole marks, and cross beds C) mud cracks and sole marks D) ripple marks and cross beds

Which could be deep water sed rock A) shale and gneiss C) shale and siltstone

``` Which best indicates the bottom of an ancient stream channel A) sole marking B) mud cracks C) ripple marks D) graded bedding ```

``` Bottom Lorraine dammed lake A) varves B) sole marks C) cross beds D) ripple marks ```

Which of following cannot be used to tell if a sed rock has been turned over

Fine laminations

``` Type of bedding which is inclined to the main layering and is created by current deposition A) graded bedding B) ripple marks C) fine bedding D) cross bedding ```

``` Carbonate sedimentation is most likely occur in A) deep cold waters B) warm shallow waters C) a beach environment D) a tidal flat ```

Which following could not be used to a clue to the direction in which clastic sediments had been trsnsported A) orientation of cross beds C) mud cracks

``` An under sea current of dense muddy water is A) landslide B) a turbidity current C) a density flow D) a tsunami ```

If a beaker of seawater were left to evaporate and dry out the minerals left present in the container would most likely be A) biotite and Quartz B) gypsum and halite