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Quizes from the Fall Flashcards

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1
Q

T or F:

Sound is on the electromagnetic spectrum in between x-rays & ultraviolet

A

False

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2
Q

Name the 3 acoustic variables:

A

Particle Motion
Density
Pressure

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3
Q

In a longitudinal wave the sound beam travels _______ to the direction of particle motion

A

Parallel

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4
Q

2 waves that are in-phase interfere with each other. what happens to the resultant wave?

A

constructive interferance. the resulting wave is bigger

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5
Q

2 out of phase that have identical amplitudes (heights) interfere with each other. what happens to the resultant wave?

A

Destructive interferance. they cancel each other out.

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6
Q

The lowest propagation speed is found in _____ and the highest prop speed is found in ____

A

Air

Bone

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7
Q

what is the range of infrasound?

A

less than 20 Hz.

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8
Q

what is the range of ultrasound

A

greater than 20,000 Hz.

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9
Q

what is the range of medical diagnostic ultrasound

A

2-15 MHz.

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10
Q

Frequency is the number of ______ per ______

A

cycles

second

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11
Q

how are frequency and wavelength related

A

indirectly

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12
Q

how are frequency and prop speed related

A

unrelated

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13
Q

how are frequency and period related

A

indirectly

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14
Q

how are prop speed and stiffness related

A

directly

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15
Q

how are duty factor and pulse duration related

A

directly

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16
Q

how are power and intenstiy related

A

directly

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17
Q

how are frequency and amplitude related

A

unrelated

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18
Q

how are PRF and frequency related

A

unrelated

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19
Q

______ is the time from the start of a poulse to the start of the next pulse

A

pulse repetition period

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20
Q

what will create the fastest speed of sound?

A

low density & high stiffness

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21
Q

what can be changed by the operator?

A

duty factor PRF

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22
Q

Write the right units:

  1. Distance
  2. Velocity
  3. Frequency
  4. Volume
A
  1. meters
  2. m/s
  3. Hz.
  4. cm3
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23
Q

a millionth of something is what is scientific notation

A

10 to the -6th

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24
Q

if the intensity stays the same despite a power increase, what must have happened?

A

the area got bigger

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25
what mode is typically used in cardiac US because of the movement of the beating heart?
M-Mode
26
when pressure is applied to a piezoelectric material, what is generated?
electricity
27
lead zirconate titanate is what part of the ultrasound transducer?
piezoelectric material
28
which image shape is considered to be "trapezoidal"?
vector
29
at what temperature does a man-made piezoelectirc material obtain its awesome properties?
curie point
30
T or F: | under some circumstances US transducers can be heat sterilized?
false
31
areas of high pressure in the beam are called ______ and areas of low pressure are called ______
compression rarefaction
32
T or F: | sound is created by the probe as one big sound wave at the face of the probe and propagated from there
false
33
what part of the probe is essential for decreasing the numebr of cycles in the pulse
backing material
34
Where is backing material in relation to the piezoelectric element?
behind the PEM
35
CW probe has a _______ quality factor?
high
36
The shorter the pulse, the ____ the Q-factor, the ___ the bandwidth, and the __ the image resolution
lower higher higher(better)
37
what part of the probe is used to improve the efficiency of sound transmission from the element to the patients skin?
Matching layer
38
PD equals the number of cycles in a pulse multiplied by the ____
period
39
duty factor increases as pulse repetition period ____
decreases
40
if the pulse duration is increased what happens to the spatial pulse length?
increase
41
if the frequency is increased, what happens to the spatial pulse length?
the SPL decreases because the higher the frequency the shorter the pulse.
42
sound comes out of the probe witha duty factor of 1. what type of probe is this?
CW transducer
43
what is the range equation (soft tissue medium)
d= .77(t)
44
sound travels through a lipoma to reach a reflector. will the reflector be displayed too close or too far away from the probe?
too far away
45
you buy an US machine but the image is only a series of spikes whereby amplitude is measured on the y-axis. what type of machine did you buy?
A-Mode machine
46
there is a part of the probe whose job it is to shorten the pulse. this component is made up of an epoxy containing what material?
tungsten
47
between lateral & axial resolution, which is usually better on msot equipment?
axial
48
where in the beam is the beam are going to be smallest?
focal zone
49
T or F: | the slice thickness plane is a fixed focus and does not change with most transducers?
false
50
assuming a fixed depth and one focal zone, what must change if the sector angle width changes?
frame rate
51
if the frame rate stays the same and the numebr of line per frame is increased, what must happen to PRF?
the PRF also increases. FR= PRF/LPF
52
doubling the frequency causes the axial resolution to be _____
halved.
53
temporal resolution is another word for what?
frame rate
54
``` which factor does not affect axial resolution? damping beam width frequency pulse frequency ```
beam width
55
name a disadvantage of using multiple transmit focal zones?
it decreased the frame rate because it takes longer with mult focal zones.
56
T or F: | smaller axial resolution is better
ture.
57
name 2 things that will decrease temporal resolution?
1. increase in lines per frame | 2. decreasing the PRF
58
``` which of the following primarily determines longitudinal resolution ? aperture PD probe diameter lines per frame ```
pulse duration
59
a 1.5D transducer permits focusing in what plane?
elevational plane
60
Name the synonyms for lateral resolution
Lateral angular transverse azimuthal
61
name the synonyms for axial resolution
``` longitudinal axial radial range depth ```
62
you are building a probe and want the best axial resolution you can have. you want a ____ frequency and a _____ pulse
High Short
63
to build a transducer with the longest near zone and smallest amount of beam divergence, what combination of frequency and element diameter do you want?
high freq. wide element diameter
64
T or F: | the focal zone should be placed so that pertinent anatomy lies within the Fraunhofer zone?
false
65
T or F | radial resolution varies with distance from the transducer?
false
66
the Fraunhofer zone is another name for the ____ zone
far
67
Azimuthal resolution is based upon reflectors that lie ______ to the beam?
perpendicular
68
``` lateral resolution is improved by? damping pulsing focusing attenuating ```
focusing
69
what happens to attenutaion as the frequency increases?
it increased
70
does attenuation coefficient change with depth? ___ does total attenuation? ___
NO Yes
71
``` which of the following has the lowest relative attenuation? Air Liver Blood Bone ```
blood
72
The gain of a receiver is 70dB. The intensity is decreased by one-fourth. what is the new gain, in dB?
64 dB.
73
the amplitude of a beam is doubled. what is the change in intensity , in dB.
6 dB.
74
Attenuation is made up of what 3 components?
Absorption Reflection Scattering
75
What is the most significant contributor to attenuation?
Absorption
76
What are the units of: 1. Attenuation 2. Attenuation Coefficient 3. Power
1. dB 2. dB/cm 3. watts
77
what is the average rate of attenuation in soft-tissue?
Anywhere from .5 dM/cm/MHz to 1.0 dB/cm/MHz
78
what medium has the highest rate of attenuation?
air
79
is attenuation in bone higher or lower than in soft tissue?
higher in bone
80
``` which of the following remain unchanged as the beam travels through a medium? Frequency Intensity Power Amplitude ```
Frequency

US Physics (4 decks)

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