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First AID > Quizlet - Protozoa Fungi and Parasites > Flashcards

Quizlet - Protozoa Fungi and Parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Causes…? Epidemiology of dz?

A

Classic cause of atypical walking pneumonia (insidious onset, HA, nonproductive cough, diffuse interstitial infiltrate) Mycoplasmal pneumonia is more common in pts < 30 years of age. Frequent outbreaks in military recruits and prisons.

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2
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Info on bacterium?

A

No cell wall. Not seen on gram stain. Only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol. Grown on Eaton’s agar.

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3
Q

Mycoplasmal pneumonia Dx and labs? Tx?

A

X-ray looks worse than pt (walking pneumonia w/ diffuse interstitial infiltrate) High titer cold agglutinins (IgM) Tx: TCN or erythromycin (bugs are naturally PCN-resistant b/c they have no cell wall)

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4
Q

Fungal spores

A

Most fungal spores are asexual. Both coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis are transmitted by inhalation of asexual spores. Conidia = asexual fungal spores (e.g., blastoconidia, athroconidia)

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5
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Dimorphic fungi that can cause systemic mycosis, endemic to Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Causes pneumonia. In bird or bat droppings. Intracellular (tiny yeast inside macrophages [below]):

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6
Q

Blastomycosis

A

Dimorphic fungi that can cause systemic mycosis, endemic to states east of Mississippi River and Central America Causes inflammatory lung dz and can disseminate to skin and bone. Forms granulomatous nodules. Big, Broad-Based Budding: Culture on Sabouraud’s agar.

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7
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

Dimorphic fungi that can cause systemic mycosis, endemic to Southwestern USA, California. Causes pneumonia and meninngitis; can disseminate to bone and skin. Found in San Juaquin Vally or desert (desert bumps) vally fever

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8
Q

Paracoccidioidomycosis

A

Dimorphic fungi that can cause systemic mycosis, endemic to rural Latin America Captain’s wheel appearance (budding yeast below):

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9
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

(Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Paracoccidioidomycosis) Mold in soil (@ lower temps) and yeast in tissue (@higher/body temp: 37C), except coccidioidomycosis, which is a spherule in tissue. Cold = Mold, Heat = Yeast All can cause pneumonia and can disseminate. Tx: fluconazole or ketoconazole for local infxn, amphotericin B for systemic infxn. Systemic mycoses can mimic TB (granuloma formation)

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10
Q

Geography of systemic mycoses/dimorphic fungi

A
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11
Q

Tinea versicolor

A

Caused by Malassezia furfur. Occurs in hot, humid weather. Tx: topical miconazole, selenium sulfide (Selsun). Spaghetti and meatballs appearance on KOH prep.

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12
Q

Tinea pedis, cruris, corporis, capitis

A

Pruritic lesions w/ central celaring resembling a ring, caused by dermatophytes (Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton). See mold hyphae on KOH prep, not dimorphic. Pets are a reservoir for Microsporum and can be treated w/ topical azoles.

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13
Q

Candida albicans ( alba = white)

A

Systemic or superficial fungal infxn. Yeast w/ pseudohyphae in culture at 20C; germ tube formation at 37C (diagnostic).

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14
Q

Candida albicans Causes what?

A

Causes: Oral and esophageal thrush in immunocompromised (neonates, steroids, diabetes, AIDS) Vulvovaginitis (high pH, diabetes, use of ABX) Diaper rash Endocarditis in IV drug users Disseminated candidiasis (to any organ) Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

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15
Q

Candida albicans Tx?

A

Nystatin for superficial infxn Amphotericin B for serious systemic infxn

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16
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus Causes what?

A

Causes: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Lung cavity aspergilloma (fungus ball) Invasive aspergillosis, especially in immunocompromised indvls and those w/ chronic granulomatous dz

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17
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Mold w/ septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45 degree) angle Not dimorphic.

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18
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans Causes what?

A

Causes: Crytococcal meningitis Cytococcosis

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19
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Heavily encapsulated yeast . Not dimorphic. Found in soil, pigeon droppings.

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20
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans Culture? Identification?

A

Culture w/ Sabouraud’s agar. Stains w/ India ink. Latex agglutination test detects pollysaccharide capsular Ag. Soap bubble lesions in brain.

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21
Q

Mucor and Rhizopus species

A

Cause mucormycosis. Mold w/ irregular nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles (> 90 degrees).

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22
Q

Mucormycosis epidemiology/pathogenesis

A

(caused by Muro and Rhizopus spp.) Dz most likely in ketoacidotic diabetic and leukemic pts. Fungi also proliferate in the walls of blood vessels and cause infarction and necrosis of distal tissue. Rhinocerebral, frontal lobe abscesses.

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23
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) Causes what? Mode of transmission? In whom?

A

Causes diffuse interstitial pneumonia. Most infxns asymptomatic. Inhaled. Immunosuppression predisposes to dz.

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24
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) (organism)

A

Yeast (originally classified as protozoan). Identified by methenamine silver stain of lung tissue.

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25
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) Dx?
Diffuse, bilateral CXR appearance. Dx by lung biopsy or lavage: identified by methenamine silver stain of lung tissue.
26
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) Tx?
TMP-SMX, pentamidine, dapsone. Start prophylaxis when CD4 drops < 200 cells/mL in HIV pts.
27
Sporothrix schenkii Causes what?
Sporotrichosis. When traumatically introduced into the skin, typically by a thorn (rose gardener's dz), causes local pustule or ulcer w/ nodules along draining lymphatics (ascending lymphangitis). Little systemic illness.
28
Sporothrix schenkii Organism?
Dimorphic fungus that lives on vegetation. Cigar-shaped budding yeast visible in pus.
29
Sporothrix schenkii Tx?
Itraconazole or potassium iodide
30
Protozoa: Giardia lamblia Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Giardiasis: bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling diarrhea (often seen in campers/hikers) Transmitted via cysts in water Dx: trophozoites or cysts in stool Tx: Metronidazole
31
Protozoa: Trachomonas vaginalis Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Causes vaginitis: foul-smelling, greenish discharge; itching and burning Transmission: sexual Dx: Trophozoites (motile) on wet mount Tx: Metronidazole
32
Protozoa: Trypanosoma cruzi Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Causes Chagas' dz (dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus); predominantly in South America Transmitted by Reduviid bug (kissing bug) Dx by blood smear Tx w/ Nifurtimox
33
Protozoa: Trypanosoma: T. gambiense T. rhodesiense Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Cause African sleeping sickness: enlarged LNs, recurring fever (due to antigenic variation), somnolence, coma Transmitted by Tsetse fly Dx via blood smear Tx w/ SUR amin for blood-borne dz, or MELA rsoprol for CNS penetration (it SUR e is nice to sleep; MELA tonin helps w/ sleep)
34
Protozoa: Leishmania donovani Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia Transmitted by sandfly Dx via macrophages containing amastigotes Tx w/ sodium stibogluconate
35
Protozoa: Plasmodium: P. vivax P. ovale P. malariae P. falciparum Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Cause malaria: cyclic fever, HA, anemia, splenomegaly. Severe (cerebral) malaria w/ P. falciparum. P. vivax and P. ovale have dormant forms in liver (hypnozoites) --> relapsing malaria Transmitted by mosquito (Anopheles) Dx via blood smear Tx w/ Chloroquine (primaquine to prevent relapse caused by P. vivax, P. ovale), sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine, mefloquine, quinine
36
Protozoa: Babesia Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Cause babesiosis: fever and hemolytic anemia; predominantly in northeastern USA. Transmitted by Ixodes tick. Dx: blood smear, no RBC pigment, appears as a Maltese cross Tx: Quinine, clindamycin
37
Protozoa: Crytosporidium Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Causes severe diarrhea in AIDS Mild dz (watery diarrhea) in non-immunocompromised Transmitted by cysts in water Dx: cysts on acid-fast stain Tx: None :-(
38
Protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Causes brain abscess in HIV, birth defects (ring-enhancing brain lesions) Transmitted by cysts in meat or cat feces; crosses placenta (pregnant women should avoid cats!) Dx: serology, biopsy Tx: Sulfadiazine + primethamine
39
Protozoa: Entamoeba histolytica Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Causes amebiasis: bloody diarrhea, (dysentery), liver abscess, RUQ pain Transmission: cysts in water Dx: Serology and/or trophozoites or cysts in stool; RBCs in cytoplasm of entaoema Tx: Metronidazole and iodoquinol
40
Protozoa: Naegleria fowleri Dz? Transmission? Dx? Tx?
Causes rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis Transmission: swimming in freshwater lakes (enter via cribiform plate) Dx: amoebas in spinal fluid Tx: none :-(
41
Nematodes (roundworms): Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) Transmission/dz? Tx?
Transmission via food contaminated w/ eggs; intestinal infection; causes anal pruritis (the Scotch tape test) Tx: Mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate
42
Transmission via food contaminated w/ eggs; intestinal infection; causes anal pruritis (the Scotch tape test) Tx: Mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
43
Nematodes (roundworms): Ascaris lumbricoides (giant round worm) Transmission/dz? Tx?
Eggs are visible in feces; intestinal infxn. Tx: Mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate.
44
Eggs are visible in feces; intestinal infxn. Tx: Mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate.
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant round worm)
45
Nematodes (roundworms): Trichinella spiralis Transmission/dz? Tx?
In undercooked meat, usually pork; Inflammation of muscle (larvae encyst in muscle); periorbital edema. Tx: Thiabendazole.
46
In undercooked meat, usually pork; Inflammation of muscle (larvae encyst in muscle); periorbital edema. Tx: Thiabendazole.
Trichinella spiralis
47
Helminths
Multicellular organisms. Life cycle involves stages in other organisms.
48
Nematodes (roundworms): Strongyloides stercoralis Transmission/dz? Tx?
Larvae in soil penetrate the skin; intestinal infxn; causes vomiting, diarrhea, and anemia. Tx: Ivermectin/thiabendazole.
49
Larvae in soil penetrate the skin; intestinal infxn; causes vomiting, diarrhea, and anemia. Tx: Ivermectin/thiabendazole.
Strongyloides stercoralis
50
Nematodes (roundworms): Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms) Transmission/dz? Tx?
Larvae penetrate skin of feet; intestinal infxn can cause anemia (sucks blood from intestinal walls) Tx: Mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate (worms are BEND y; treat w/ meBEND azole)
51
Larvae penetrate skin of feet; intestinal infxn can cause anemia (sucks blood from intestinal walls) Tx: Mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate (worms are BEND y; treat w/ meBEND azole)
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms)
52
Nematodes (roundworms): Dracunculus medinensis Transmission/dz? Tx?
In dirnking water; skin inflammation and ulceration Tx: Niridazole
53
In dirnking water; skin inflammation and ulceration Tx: Niridazole
Dracunculus medinensis
54
Nematodes (roundworms): Onchocerca volvulus Transmission/dz? Tx?
Transmitted by female blackflies; causes river blindness, w/ skin nodules and lizard skin. Can have allergic reaction to microfilaria. Tx: Ivermectin (IVER mectin for rIVER blindness
55
Transmitted by female blackflies; causes river blindness, w/ skin nodules and lizard skin. Can have allergic reaction to microfilaria. Tx: Ivermectin (IVER mectin for rIVER blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
56
Nematodes (roundworms): Loa loa Transmission/dz? Tx?
Transmitted by deer fly, horse fly, and mango fly; causes swelling in skin (can see worm crawling in conjunctiva) Tx: Diethylcarbamazine
57
Transmitted by deer fly, horse fly, and mango fly; causes swelling in skin (can see worm crawling in conjunctiva) Tx: Diethylcarbamazine
Loa loa
58
Nematodes (roundworms): Wucheria bancrofti Transmission/dz? Tx?
Female mosquito; Causes blockage of lymphatic vessels (elephantiasis) Takes 9 mos to 1 yr after bite to get elephantiasis syndrome Tx: Diethylcarbamazine
59
Female mosquito; Causes blockage of lymphatic vessels (elephantiasis) Takes 9 mos to 1 yr after bite to get elephantiasis syndrome Tx: Diethylcarbamazine
Wucheria bancrofti
60
Nematodes (roundworms): Toxocara canis Transmission/dz? Tx?
Food contaminated w/ eggs; Causes granulomas (if in retina --> blindness!) and visceral larva migrans Tx: diethylcarbamazine
61
Food contaminated w/ eggs; Causes granulomas (if in retina --> blindness!) and visceral larva migrans Tx: diethylcarbamazine
Toxocara canis
62
Cestodes (tapeworms): Taenia solium Transmission/dz? Tx?
Ingestion of larvae envysted in undercooked pork leads to intestinal tapeworms. Ingestion of eggs causes cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, mass lesions in brain (swiss cheese appearance) Tx: Praziquantel for intestinal worms and cysticercosis; albendazole for neurocysticercosis
63
Ingestion of larvae envysted in undercooked pork leads to intestinal tapeworms. Ingestion of eggs causes cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, mass lesions in brain (swiss cheese appearance) Tx: Praziquantel for intestinal worms and cysticercosis; albendazole for neurocysticercosis
Taenia solium
64
Cestodes (tapeworms): Diphyllobothyrium latum Transmission/dz? Tx?
Ingestion of larvae in raw freshwater fish. Causes vitamin B12 deficiency, resulting in anemia. Tx: Praziquantel.
65
Ingestion of larvae in raw freshwater fish. Causes vitamin B12 deficiency, resulting in anemia. Tx: Praziquantel.
Diphyllobothyrium latum
66
Cestodes (tapeworms): Echinococcus granuloosus Transmission/dz? Tx?
Eggs in dog feces when ingested can cause cysts in liver; Causes anaphylaxis if organism's Ags are released from cyst. Tx: Albendazole
67
Eggs in dog feces when ingested can cause cysts in liver; Causes anaphylaxis if organism's Ags are released from cyst. Tx: Albendazole
Echinococcus granuloosus
68
Trematodes (flukes): Schistosoma Transmission/dz? Tx?
Snails are host; Cercariae penetrate skin of humans, causes granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the spleen and liver. Chronic infxn w/ S. haematobium can lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Tx: Praziquantel.
69
Snails are host; Cercariae penetrate skin of humans, causes granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the spleen and liver. Chronic infxn w/ S. haematobium can lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Tx: Praziquantel.
Schistosoma
70
Trematodes (flukes): Clonorchis sinensis Transmission/dz? Tx?
Undercooked fish; Causes inflammation of the biliary tract --> pigmented gallstones. Also associated w/ cholangiocarcinoma. Tx: Praziquantel.
71
Undercooked fish; Causes inflammation of the biliary tract --> pigmented gallstones. Also associated w/ cholangiocarcinoma. Tx: Praziquantel.
Clonorchis sinensis
72
Trematodes (flukes): Paragonimus wetermani Transmission/dz? Tx?
Undercooked crab meat; causes inflammation and secondary bacterial infxn of the lung. Tx: Praziquantel.
73
Undercooked crab meat; causes inflammation and secondary bacterial infxn of the lung. Tx: Praziquantel.
Paragonimus wetermani
74
Nematode routes of infxn --> Ingestion
E nterobius A scaris T richinella (You'll get sick if you EAT these!)
75
Nematode routes of infxn --> Cutaneous
S tongyloides A ncyclostoma N ecator (These get into your feet from SAN d)
76
Brain cysts, seizures
Taneia solium (cysticercosis)
77
Parasite hints - Finding: Taneia solium (cysticercosis)
Parasite hints - organism: Brain cysts, seizures
78
Liver cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
79
Parasite hints - Finding: Echinococcus granulosus
Parasite hints - organism: Liver cysts
80
B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum
81
Parasite hints - Finding: Diphyllobothrium latum
Parasite hints - organism: B12 deficiency
82
Biliary tract dz
Clonorchis sinensis
83
Parasite hints - Finding: Clonorchis sinensis
Parasite hints - organism: Biliary tract dz
84
Hemoptysis
Paragonimus westermani
85
Parasite hints - Finding: Paragonimus westermani
Parasite hints - organism: Hemoptysis
86
Portal HTN
Shistosoma mansoni
87
Parasite hints - Finding: Shistosoma mansoni
Parasite hints - organism: Portal HTN
88
Hematuria, bladder cancer
Schistosoma haematobium
89
Parasite hints - Finding: Schistosoma haematobium
Parasite hints - organism: Hematuria, bladder cancer
90
Microcytic anemia
Ancyclostoma, Necator
91
Parasite hints - Finding: Ancyclostoma, Necator
Parasite hints - organism: Microcytic anemia
92
Perianal pruritis
Enterobius
93
Parasite hints - Finding: Enterobius
Parasite hints - organism: Perianal pruritis

First AID (6 decks)

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