Quizzes 1 & 2

Question 1

the ___ adduct the vocal processes and membranous vocal folds, while the ___ adduct the cartilaginous or posterior glottis

Answer 1

later cricoarytenoids; interarytenoids

Question 2

true or false: the cricoarytenoid muscle is responsible for increases in frequency and is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 2

false

Question 3

when the thyroarytenoid muscles contract they ___ (3)

Answer 3

shorten the vocal folds; increase medial compression by bulking the vocal folds; can increase or decrease frequency

Question 4

changes in the composition of the ___ can result in a decreased mucosal wave

Answer 4

superficial lamina propria

Question 5

true or false: the deep layer of the lamina propria is composed of mainly elastin fibers and interstitial fluids

Answer 5

false

Question 6

the basement membrane zone is responsible for attachment of the ___ to the ___

Answer 6

epithelium; superficial lamina propria

Question 7

the superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of cranial nerve ___ and provides motor innervation to ___ and carries sensory information from the ___

Answer 7

CN X; the cricothyroid; supraglottic area

Question 8

the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles are ___ and function to ___ the hyoid and larynx

Answer 8

suprahyoid muscles; elevate

Question 9

the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates ___. injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve is more common on the ___ side

Answer 9

all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid; left

Question 10

the ___ and ___ muscles have their insertions on the ___ of the ___ cartilage

Answer 10

posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid; muscular process; arytenoid

Question 11

true or false: elastic recoil plays an important role in vocal fold closure during vibration

Answer 11

true

Question 12

the aerodynamic force that is responsible for opening the vocal folds is ___, while the aerodynamic force which helps to close the vocal folds is ___ that results from the ___

Answer 12

subglottal pressure; negative pressure; bernoulli effect

Question 13

the body-cover model of frequency control states that during high intensity phonation contraction of the TA muscle ___

Answer 13

will increase pitch as long as the cricoid thyroid muscle is not at maximum activity

Question 14

fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration depends on ___

Answer 14

vocal fold length, mass, and elasticity

Question 15

the convergent glottal shape occurs when the vocal folds are ___ and the net tissue velocity (i.e. movement) is ___

Answer 15

opening; outward

Question 16

in the one max model (vocal tract inertance) of vocal fold vibration, sustained phonation is driven by ___

Answer 16

alternating positive and negative supraglottic and transglottic (intraglottic) pressures

Question 17

a vocal register is ___ (2)

Answer 17

a series of pitches perceived to be of the same timbre or quality; a series of pitches produced in the same physiological manner

Question 18

vocal quality )i.e. roughness, breathiness etc.) is determined by ___

Answer 18

degree of glottic closure and periodicity of VF vibration

Question 19

true or false: the mucosal wave is an apparent sliding motion of the vocal fold cover over the vocal fold body

Answer 19

true

Question 20

in order to produce high vocal intensity (loud phonation) ___ (4)

Answer 20

the vocal folds must adduct completely; the closed phase of vibration must be longer than the open phase; respiratory drive must be adequate and sub glottal pressure relatively high; the vocal folds must close rapidly

Question 21

intrinsic laryngeal muscle tension may be observed during endoscopic exam as ___ (3)

Answer 21

anterior-posterior compression; medial-lateral compression; supraglottic compression or sphinctering

Question 22

puberphonia is a ___ disorder and is characterized by ___ phonation

Answer 22

functional; high pitch

Question 23

paradoxical VF movement occurs when ___

Answer 23

the VFs adduct during inhalation

Question 24

essential tremor is a ___ disorder

Answer 24

neurological disorder

Question 25

abductor spasmodic dysphonia is characterized by ___

Answer 25

breathiness and difficulty transitioning from voiceless stops to vowels

Question 26

bilateral VF adductor paralysis results in ___ (2)

Answer 26

the inability to adduct or close the VFs; risks to airway safety during swallowing

Question 27

the causes of VF granulomas are ___ (3)

Answer 27

intubation injury; acid reflux; vocal abuse / misuse

Question 28

sulcus vocalis ___ (2)

Answer 28

is a horizontal groove on the superior surface of the VFs; may be due to a ruptured cyst or ma be congenital

Question 29

laryngomalacia ___ (3)

Answer 29

results in soft; floppy laryngeal cartilages that collapse into the airway; usually resolves with maturity; is characterized by inspiratory stridor

Question 30

reinke’s edema is ___

Answer 30

very often related to smoking

Question 31

vocal fold nodules are typically ___ (2)

Answer 31

bilateral; occur in the superficial lamina propria

Question 32

vocal fold cysts will cause the mucosal wave to be ___ or ___, while reinke’s edema may cause the mucosal wave to be ___

Answer 32

decreased or absent; increased

Question 33

VF hemorrhage will cause increased VF ___

Answer 33

stiffness

Question 34

you are about to perform a video stroboscopic exam on a patient with nodules. what might you expect to observe?

Answer 34

hourglass closure

Question 35

true or false: muscle tension dysphonia can occur alone as a primary disorder without the presence of a lesion on the vocal folds or other existing vocal fold pathology, or it can be secondary to primary vocal folds pathology such as vocal fold nodules or vocal fold paralysis

Answer 35

true

Question 36

true or false: a unilateral cerebral stroke can result in unilateral VF paralysis

Answer 36

false

Question 37

true or false: vocal fold cysts may be due to vocal abuse / misuse, the result of which is a blocked mucous gland, or they may be congenital

Answer 37

true

Question 38

true or false: during a video stroboscopic exam, the “locked” mode is used to assess the periodicity of VF vibration. if the VF vibration is aperiodic, the VFs will appear to “stand still” and will not change position

Answer 38

false

Question 39

true or false: phase asymmetry is when the duration of the open phase of the VF vibratory cycle is greater than, or less than, the duration of the closed phase of the vibratory cycle

Answer 39

false

Question 40

true or false: the vocal fold vibration that is recorded and viewed during videostroboscopy is “real time” vocal fold vibration, i.e. you are able to see each individual vocal fold vibration in its entirety

Answer 40

false

Question 41

laryngeal webs ___ (3)

Answer 41

can be congenital, acquired post-surgically, or after trauma; result in stridor; are an organic disorder

Question 42

which of the following would most typically characterize the vocal quality of a person with parkinson’s disease?

Answer 42

breathy and monotone with decreased loudness