Quizzes

Question 1

Organisms that use bulk flow to move oxygen are able to:

Answer 1

Achieve larger size than organisms that only use diffusion

Question 2

if the partial pressure of oxygen outside of a cell is 100 mmHg and the partial pressure of oxygen inside of a cell is 25 mmHg, what is the net movement

Answer 2

there will be a net movement of oxygen from outside the cell to inside the cell

Question 3

which of the following relationships best describes the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the lung, red blood cells and blood plasma

Answer 3

pO2 red blood cell < pO2 blood plasma < pO2 lung

Question 4

if water passed over the gills of fish in the same direction as blood flows through the capillaries in lamellae, how would gas exchange be affected?

Answer 4

less oxygen and carbon dioxide would diffuse out of the fish’s bloodstream

Question 5

insects possess ___ circulatory systems in which hemolymph completely “bathes” the organs and is not typically contained in distinct arteries or veins.

Answer 5

open

Question 6

in the heart of a fish, where would you expect to find oxygenated blood?

Answer 6

nowhere; oxygenated blood does not pass through a fish’s heart

Question 7

Consider the mammalian heart. why is the muscular wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right?

Answer 7

the left ventricle must contract with more force in order to send blood to the body’s extremities

Question 8

excluding movement of blood between the lungs and the heart, what carries CO2-rich (oxygen poor) blood back to the heart

Answer 8

venules and veins

Question 9

what is the correct path of a drop of blood leaving the human heart

Answer 9

right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> heart

Question 10

in which heart chambers would deoxygenated blood be found

Answer 10

right atrium and right ventricle

Question 11

if the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in a man’s blood plasma decreased below what’s in his red blood cells what would happen

Answer 11

oxygen would diffuse out of his red blood cells, and less oxygen would be transported throughtout his body

Question 12

what are some challenges that make gas exchange more difficult for fish than for terrestrial animals

Answer 12

water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume, water is denser and more viscous than air, diffusion occurs more slowly in water than in air

Question 13

at any point in the length of the gill lamella, how does the pO2 of the blood flowing through the blood vessels in the lamella compare to the pO2 of the water flowing over the gill lamella

Answer 13

the pO2 of the blood is lower than the pO2 of the water

Question 14

respiration in mammals depends on

Answer 14

Contractions of the diaphragm and changes in air pressure in the chest cavity

Question 15

where in the heart of a reptile or amphibian would you expect to find oxygenated blood

Answer 15

the left atrium and mixed with deoxygenated blood in a common ventricle

Question 16

Cardiac output equals

Answer 16

heart rate times stroke volume

Question 17

which of these animals lacks a nervous system? spiders, squid, sponges, sea anemones

Answer 17

sponges

Question 18

the action potential travels down the…

Answer 18

axon

Question 19

what is true about the resting membrane potential?

Answer 19

it results from K+ ions diffusion out of the cell and the sodium-potassium pump moving more Na+ ions out of the cell than K+ ions into the cell

Question 20

how is a nerve impulse generated when most sensory receptors are activated?

Answer 20

the membrane becomes depolarized

Question 21

a neuron that responds to the environment is a

Answer 21

sensory neuron

Question 22

what are the “nodes of Ranvier”

Answer 22

open spaces separating regions of myelination along an axon

Question 23

what activities would result from the parasympathetic division of the nervous system

Answer 23

rest and digestion

Question 24

what is the adaptive benefit of some simple reflex circuits bypassing the brain

Answer 24

the response is faster

Question 25

what contains structures found in the hind brain

Answer 25

cerebellum and pons

Question 26

white matter of the cerebrum contains

Answer 26

myelinated axons

Question 27

a stroke occurs when blood flow to a region of the brain is interrupted, damaging the cells in that region. what symptoms might you see if a person suffered a stroke in their cerebellum

Answer 27

loss of balance and coordination

Question 28

which portion of the limbic system is involved in forming memories

Answer 28

hippocampus

Question 29

what is the order of steps of gas transport and exchange

Answer 29

ventilation, diffusion across the respiratory surface, circulation, diffusion between blood and cells

Question 30

the partial pressure of a gas is

Answer 30

the fractional concentration of the gas multiplied by the overall, atmospheric pressure

Question 31

how is a fetus able to extract O2 from its mother's blood

Answer 31

fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 than maternal hemoglobin

Question 32

the pulmonary veins

Answer 32

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Question 33

Osmosis is the movement of water

Answer 33

from higher water concentration to lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 34

if the fluid inside a cell has a solute concentration of 5%, what would happen if the cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration of 10%

Answer 34

water would leave the cell by osmosis

Question 35

the internal body fluids of an osmoconformer are described as having

Answer 35

roughly the same total solute concentration as the external environment

Question 36

fish in a marine environment must maintain a relatively constant ion concentration in their tissues and blood. how do the chloride cells in the gills aid fish in the removal of excess ions?

Answer 36

the chloride cells actively remove ions from the body and water follows by osmosis

Question 37

unicellular and simple multicellular organisms isolate and eliminate waste materials by

Answer 37

moving the wastes into a contractile vacuole and elimination them through exocytosis

Question 38

what is the correct three forms of nitrogenous waste in order from least to most toxic

Answer 38

uric acid, urea, ammonia

Question 39

the decreased solute concentration of the filtrate after passing through Bowman's capsule is caused by

Answer 39

active transport of NaCl out of the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 40

Cephalization is:

Answer 40

the development of a "head end" in an organism, the concentration of sensory organs within the head, and development of a brain

Question 41

what happens during depolarization

Answer 41

sodium ions initially flow into the cell

Question 42

the term "saltatory propagation" refers to the

Answer 42

ability of an action potential to "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next

Question 43

Which region in the vertebrate brain includes the cerebellum

Answer 43

the hindbrain

Question 44

which brain region is associated with language in humans

Answer 44

temporal lobe

Question 45

which region is largest in a mammalian brain

Answer 45

cerebral cortex

Question 46

memory and learning take place in which area of the brain

Answer 46

cerebrum and hippocampus

Question 47

what are the components of a vertebrate kidney

Answer 47

bowman's capsule, glomerulus, collecting ducts, renal tubules

Question 48

characteristics of the descending limb of the loop of Henle

Answer 48

permeable to water & filtrate becomes more and more concentrated

Question 49

the __ is the first section of the small intestine where food enters from the stomach

Answer 49

duodenum

Question 50

the pancreas produces secretions including,

Answer 50

trypsin, bicarbonate ions, lipase

Question 51

what does trypsin do

Answer 51

aids in the further digestion of proteins

Question 52

what do bicarbonate ions do

Answer 52

neutralize stomach acid

Question 53

what does lipase do

Answer 53

aids in fat digestion

Question 54

how does the mouth aid in the digestion system

Answer 54

it ingests food

Question 55

how does the large intestine aid in the digestion system

Answer 55

absorption of water and inorganic ions

Question 56

how does the small intestine aid in the digestion system

Answer 56

chemically breaks down fats and carbohydrates

Question 57

salivary amylase starts the chemical digestion of

Answer 57

carbohydrates in the mouth

Question 58

vitamin D deficiency experiences

Answer 58

difficulty absorbing sufficient amounts of calcium from diet

Question 59

what macro nutrient has an energy surplus & long-term energy storage

Answer 59

lipids

Question 60

an increase in blood glucose levels will lead to

Answer 60

an increase in insulin production

Question 61

three forms of asexual reproduction

Answer 61

budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis

Question 62

among vertebrates, external fertilization involves

Answer 62

releasing gametes directly into a wet environment & is found in fish and some amphibians

Question 63

what is an example of negative feedback altering homeostatic control

Answer 63

the concentration of salt in urine increases after eating a large bag of salty chips

Question 64

ectotherms often regulate their body temps by __ means

Answer 64

behavioral

Question 65

a lizard is sitting on a rock on a cool morning. as the day progresses the sun comes out and the temp of rock and lizard increases. what changes are expected in the lizards metabolic rate and activity level?

Answer 65

both the metabolic rate and activity level increases

Question 66

what molecules commonly serve as sources of energy for animals

Answer 66

proteins, lipids, & carbohydrates

Question 67

an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by cellular biochemical pathways (can't be obtained from diet) is called an __ amino acid

Answer 67

essential

Question 68

what is true about animals with gastrovascular (gastric) cavities?

Answer 68

digestion is both internal and external

Question 69

the hindgut includes __

Answer 69

the large intestine, rectum, and is where water is reabsorbed

Question 70

what is a selective advantage of simple multicellularity over single-celled organisms

Answer 70

multicellularity helps organisms avoid predation

Question 71

what differentiates animals from all other groups of organisms

Answer 71

gastrulation

Question 72

which group contains animals with a nerve net

Answer 72

cnidarians

Question 73

cephalization is __

Answer 73

the development of a "head end" and a brain in an organism, the concentration of sensory organs within the head end of an animal

Question 74

what is true about the resting membrane potential

Answer 74

it results from K+ ions diffusing out of the cell & the sodium potassium pump moving more Na+ ions out of the cell than K+ ions into the cell

Question 75

what happens during depolarization

Answer 75

sodium ions initially flow into the cell

Question 76

during synaptic transmission

Answer 76

receptors that bing neurotransmitters trigger a change in postsynaptic membrane potential

Question 77

a neuron that responds to the environment is a

Answer 77

sensory neuron

Question 78

the term "saltatory propagation" refers to the

Answer 78

ability of an action potential to "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next

Question 79

what activities would be mediated by the parasympathetic division of the nervous system

Answer 79

rest and digestion

Question 80

what is the adaptive benefit of some simple reflex circuits bypassing the brain

Answer 80

the response is faster

Question 81

which region in the vertebrate brain includes the cerebellum

Answer 81

the hindbrain

Question 82

which region in the brain is associated with language in humans

Answer 82

temporal lobe

Question 83

what region is largest in a mammalian brain

Answer 83

cerebral cortex

Question 84

memory and learning take place in which area of the brain

Answer 84

cerebrum and hippocampus

Question 85

eukaryotes have the ability to take in nutrients by phagocytosis where prokaryotes do not. what advantage does this give to the eukaryotes

Answer 85

they are able to exploit complex materials (including cells) for food that prokaryotes cannot

Question 86

evidence that supports chloroplast origins from photosynthetic bacteria includes

Answer 86

similarities in the DNA sequence of the chloroplast chromosome and bacterial chromosome, multiple membranes surround the chloroplast, the use of two linked photosystems to capture electrons from water

Question 87

what is the best description for algae

Answer 87

a photosynthetic protist

Question 88

what are some shared traits between animals and (at least some) fungi

Answer 88

glycogen for energy storage, flagellated motile cells, chitin, eukaryotic cells

Question 89

in what way are mycelia and fruiting bodies similar

Answer 89

both are composed of hyphae

Question 90

what fungal groups cause widespread mortality in amphibians

Answer 90

chytrids

Question 91

what is the order of events in fungal sexual reproduction starting from when hyphae of 2 diff mating types grow together

Answer 91

plasmogamy -> heterokaryotic stage -> karyogamy -> zygote -> meiosis -> spore production and dispersal -> haploid mycelium

Question 92

what are some challenges that plants faced in colonizing on land from the ocean

Answer 92

dispersal of sperm, water loss, & mechanical support

Question 93

in vascular plants the __ is larger than the __

Answer 93

diploid sporophyte: haploid gametophyte

Question 94

land plants store most carbohydrate reserves as

Answer 94

starch

Question 95

when stomata are open and a plant is transpiring normally, water moves from the soil into the root xylem __

Answer 95

without the plant doing any additional work on the fluid, in a flow that is ultimately driven by evaporation from the shoot, & due to a force generated by the partial dehydration of cell walls in leaves

Question 96

what is true regarding CO2 capture and the calvin cycle in CAM plants

Answer 96

CO2 capture and the calvin cycle both occur in the same cell and CO2 is at night and calvin is during the day

Question 97

transpiration sets in motion __

Answer 97

the movement of water from the roots to the leaves

Question 98

a sieve tube element does NOT contain a

Answer 98

nucleus

Question 99

a sieve tube element CONTAINS a

Answer 99

plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, and ATP

Question 100

what are produced by roots in order to increase surface area, allowing for greater access to nutrients in the soil

Answer 100

root hairs

Question 101

__ are the structures formed by roots that house nitrogen fixed bacteria

Answer 101

root nodules

Question 102

in the life cycles of mosses and ferns, what structures are diploid

Answer 102

sporophyte & zygote

Question 103

what structures are part of the carpel of a flower

Answer 103

style, ovary, & stigma