Quizzes part 2

Question 1

The first motor units to be activated are:

Answer 1

Slow and fatigue-resistant

Question 2

A spinal pre-motor neuron that projects medially, spans several segments, and crosses the midline is most likely to connect with:

Answer 2

Trunk motor neurons

Question 3

When a limb bud is removed, the motor pools of motor neurons that would innervate the muscles in that limb are smaller because

Answer 3

Motor neurons without a target die

Question 4

The first axon to follow a pathway is called a

Answer 4

Pioneer

Question 5

The first axon to follow a pathway is called a

Answer 5

Pioneer

Question 6

Dorsal Root Ganglion explants respond to multiple neurotrophic factors because

Answer 6

Different sensory neurons respond to different factor

Question 7

Spinal interneurons that cross the midline in the flexion reflex:

Answer 7

Help you to stay upright when you lift the other foot.

Question 8

The relative duration of stance and swing phases

Answer 8

• vary depending on the gait
• are most similar during trotting
  -are determined by central pattern generators in the spinal cord
  -all of these

Question 9

A single motor neuron will innervate

Answer 9

many muscle fibers

Question 10

A common feature of interneurons that control the timing of activity in a central pattern generator is

Answer 10

reciprocal inhibition

Question 11

You are looking at fly embryos, and find one that lacks the longitudinal tracts that extend from the anterior to posterior ends of the nervous system. You suspect it is a mutant in the gene _____.

Answer 11

roundabout (robo)

Question 12

A loss-of-function mutation in netrin will result in

Answer 12

fewer axons crossing the midline

Question 13

When a limb bud is removed, the motor pools of motor neurons that would innervate the muscles in that limb is smaller because

Answer 13

motor neurons without a target die

Question 14

A neuron in V1 which has an ocular dominance score of 4 receives input

Answer 14

from both eyes equally

Question 15

During the stance phase of locomotion

Answer 15

extensor muscles are more active than flexor muscles

Question 16

A motor unit:

Answer 16

-consists of one motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
- is one of many hundred that control a given muscle
-consists of a single fiber type
-all of these

Question 17

When a filopodium encounters a repulsive cue it

Answer 17

retracts

Question 18

Adding an extra limb bud to a chick

Answer 18

prevents the death of neurons that would normally die

Question 19

Dorsal root ganglion neurons

Answer 19

-are dervied from neural crest
-may require either NT-3, NGF, or BDNF
-encode sensory information
-all of these

Question 20

At the midline

Answer 20

Netrin initially attracts axons, and then slit repels them

Question 21

Strabismus

Answer 21

Increases the number of V1 neurons that respond to one eye or the other, but not both

Question 22

In normal adult cats, most V1 neurons recieve input from

Answer 22

both eyes

Question 23

Dorsal Root Ganglion explants respond to multiple neurotrophic factors because

Answer 23

different sensory neurons respond to different factors

Question 24

During normal development in mammals, the numbers of pre- and postsynaptic cells are matched by

Answer 24

making too many and killing the extras

Question 25

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 25

sense active tension

Question 26

When an animal's gait changes from walking to galloping, which of the following changes?

Answer 26

- the phasing of fore and hindlimb movment - the duration of stance and swing phases - the phasing of limb movement on the two side - all of these

Question 27

When Slit binds to Robo the axon is

Answer 27

repelled

Question 28

Blindfolding one eye after the critical period is over

Answer 28

will have no effect on ocular dominance

Question 29

Strabismus disrupts normal ocular dominance because

Answer 29

the image falls onto the wrong part of one retina, desynchonizing inputs to the cortex

Question 30

As a result of cerebellar long-term depression

Answer 30

inhibition of neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei by Purkinje neurons is reduced

Question 31

Which of the following is a characteristic of Purkinje cells that allows for the high level of convergence from the granule cells?

Answer 31

An elaborate dendritic tree that extends perpendicularly to the parallel fibers

Question 32

Fibers from structure(s) cross the midline prior to synapsing in the cerebellum?

Answer 32

Pontine nuclei

Question 33

Synaptic depression of the gill-siphon withdrawal reflex in Aplysia

Answer 33

is homosynaptic

Question 34

Which of the following does not involve the cAMP- PKA pathway?

Answer 34

long-term depression in the cerebellum

Question 35

Long-term depression (LTP) is considered to be anti-Hebbian

Answer 35

because simultaneous activation of pre-and postsynaptic neurons causes weakening of a synapse

Question 36

Long-term potentiation can activate "silent" synapses by

Answer 36

causing the addition of AMPA-type glutamate receptors

Question 37

In classical conditioning, the subject will respond to unconditioned stimulus

Answer 37

always

Question 38

Which of the following is not affected by blocking protein synthesis?

Answer 38

massed training

Question 39

In order to disrupt a memory of that has already formed through fear conditioning anisomycin must be administered

Answer 39

at the time the memory is recalled

Question 40

What cell type does not have direct contact with Purkinje cells?

Answer 40

Mossy fibers

Question 41

Fibers from which structure(s) cross the midline prior to synapsing in the cerebellum

Answer 41

Pontine nuclei

Question 42

Feedback information about motor errors is transmitted to the cerebellar cortex via

Answer 42

climbing fibers from neurons in the inferior olive

Question 43

Synaptic plasticity can last as long as

Answer 43

the life of an organism

Question 44

During sensitization of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, serotonin (5-HT) released is caused by

Answer 44

a noxious stimulus to the tail

Question 45

Facilitation of the gill-siphon withdrawal reflex in Aplysia

Answer 45

all of these -involves block of a K channel - is heterosynaptic -requires serotonin

Question 46

Which of the following is evidence that hippocampal LTP is requires for spatial memory in the Morris water maze?

Answer 46

learning is blocked by APV

Question 47

Compared to wild-type flies, dunce flies

Answer 47

do not learn to associate odor with foot shock

Question 48

Long-term memory in flies requires

Answer 48

-activation of CREB - synthesis of new proteins - multiple training sessions with time in between -all of these

Question 49

During postnatal synaptic refinement, such as synapse elimination in the cerebellum or development of ocular dominance in the visual cortex, presynaptic neurons that lose synapses on one target cell

Answer 49

keep synapses on other target cells are generated

Question 50

Closing one eye of an adult cat (> 1 year old) will

Answer 50

not affect ocular dominance at all

Question 51

If the input from the contralateral eye was blocked during the first three months of a cat's life, the ipsilateral eye will dominate the visual cortex for

Answer 51

the entire life of the cat

Question 52

When synaptic connection would be most affected by the presence of a GABA antagonist in the cerebellum?

Answer 52

Purkinje cell input onto deep cerebellar nuclear cells

Question 53

Protein synthesis is critical for

Answer 53

both late long-term potentiation and long-term memory

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of heterosynaptic plasticity?

Answer 54

sensitization of the Aplysia gill withdrawal reflex

Question 55

Consolidation refers to

Answer 55

the transfer of a memory from short-to long-term storage

Question 56

Classical conditioning is a form of

Answer 56

implicit memory

Question 57

The axon terminals of neurons projecting to the cerebellum from pontine nuclei, the spinal cord, and vestibular nuclei are called

Answer 57

mossy fibers

Question 58

Axons from the cerebellum cortex that provide input to the cerebellum

Answer 58

must synapse in the pontine nuclei

Question 59

Hippocampal long-term depression

Answer 59

requires a lower stimulation frequency than long-term potentiation

Question 60

Long-term depression (LTP) is considered to be anti-Hebbian

Answer 60

because stimultaneous activation of pre-and postsynaptic neurons causes weakening of a synapse

Question 61

Long-term fear conditioning

Answer 61

requires protein synthesis in the amygdala

Question 62

Feed-forward information regarding intended movement is carried by

Answer 62

parallel fibers from granule cells

Question 63

The two loops of the cerebellum are

Answer 63

deep excitatory and cortical inhibitory

Question 64

In hippocampal LTP, the "coincidence detector" is

Answer 64

the NMDA receptor

Question 65

Reconsolidation refers to

Answer 65

the need to restore a memory each time it is recalled

Question 66

Loss of cerebellum

Answer 66

Block the ability to adjust the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex