R&E1: Block B

Question 1

high arterial CO2 pressure, generally due to hypoventilation, altered lung excretion.

Answer 1

hypercapnia

Question 2

Normal unlabored breathing that maintains normal pressure of Co2 (35-45mmHg)

Answer 2

Eupnea

Question 3

low arterial CO2 pressure, generally due to hyperventilation

Answer 3

Hypocapnia

Question 4

low arterial O2 pressure, can be due to hypoventilation, low FiO2, VQ mismatch, shunting

Answer 4

hypoxemia

Question 5

low oxygen delivery to tissue (low cardiac output, hypoxemia, anemia, CO poisoning)

Answer 5

hypoxia

Question 6

Normal FEV1/FVC ratio

Answer 6

0.7-0.9

Question 7

Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio indicates…

Answer 7

obstructive disease

Question 8

Normal or increased FEV1/FVC ratio indicates…

Answer 8

restrictive disease

Question 9

How does FEV1/FVC ratio change with age?

Answer 9

Declines

Question 10

Clinical spectrum of diseases that cause airflow obstruction, air trapping and lung hyperinflation

Answer 10

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 11

3 risk factors for COPD

Answer 11

1. Smoking (#1 risk factor, 90% of COPD cases)
2. Exposure to smoke (occupational exposure, indoor/outdoor pollution)
3. Genetics (e.g. alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

Question 12

COPD diagnosis requires…

Answer 12

spirometry

Question 13

COPD severity is assessed by…

Answer 13

Gold stage and MRC grade (important prognostic markers and used to monitor response to treatment)