R&R, china, mongols and the new world Flashcards

Question

Johann Gutenberg

Answer 1

Movable type printing press in 1450. Sparked the Renaissance. Bible.

Answer 2

The realization that one does not have to be in the same place as another to gain the same information. Made possible by the printing press

Answer 3

Religious reform, individualism, and nationalism.

Answer 4

The renaissance put an end to medieval scholasticism, started a rebirth of learning

Answer 5

Humanities • Interest in Greek, Roman culture • Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek • Humanism: Study worldly subjects, Focus on People Roots • Dante contained glimpses of focus on human nature • Everyday language not Latin • Advances were made in medicine, as well as astronomy • Humanists argued that individual achievement, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of cities.

Answer 6

Ideal Renaissance man = “universal man,” accomplished in classics, man of action, who could respond to all situations

Answer 7

The archetypical "Renaissance Man,“ – anatomist, architect, astronomer, engineer, inventor, painter, musician and sculptor. – Perhaps best known for painting the Mona Lisa, da Vinci's surviving notebooks detail flying machines, human anatomy, and the first robot in recorded history. ( also the last supper, flying machine) • His interests, enthusiasm boundless

Answer 8

Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers” Advises rulers to separate morals from politics – Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism – Ruler must do whatever necessary to keep political power, even if cruel Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior, “Better to be feared, than loved” Idea that the state is an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy, State before people Philosopher, statesman Niccolo Machiavelli also wrote influential book Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments should rule in The Prince

Answer 9

Florence Wealthy banking families – deMedicis Constant political struggles between nobility throughout the city/states. Transactions across Europe Lending money to purchase goods in monarchies Successful Strike – Underpaid day workers in cloth industry, wanted benefits

Answer 10

Venice • Venice built economy & reputation on trade (Sea) Long History • Shipbuilding prospered, sailors traveled to Near East • Venetian merchants built unique city, “work of art” Milan, Florence • Milan, based economy on agriculture, silk, weapons • Florence, to south, famous for banking, cloth • Monarchs appealed to bankers for money to fund wars • Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth • Bankers, merchants created city to rival any in Europe

Answer 11

Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations-Religion Renaissance artists; Realistic, Nature & Human Body (Humanism) Patrons of the Arts • Middle Ages created church art • Renaissance artists worked for $$ • Patrons: Buyers of art Competition Among Patrons/ Civic Beautification • Wealthy individuals competed, through purchase of artworks • Florence, Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists • Milan, Sforza family benefactors of artists

Answer 12

-Venetians were first in the money game, there were early investment opportunities, as well as a decline of feudalism and a rise of monarchies. Earliest precursors of the corporation were joint stock companies and chartered trading companies.

Answer 13

The joint-stock company was the forerunner of the modern corporation. In a STOCK VENTURE, stock was sold to high net-worth investors who provided CAPITAL and had limited RISK. These companies had proven profitable in the past with trading ventures. The risk was small, and the returns were fairly quick. Virginia Company of London received a charter from the newly-crowned King James I. Following the precedent set by other companies such as the Moscovy Company and East India Company, the Virginia Company was a joint-stock company, which sold shares. All who purchased shares at a cost of £12 10s shared in the success or failure of the venture. The Virginia Company was formed both to bring profit to its shareholders and to establish an English colony in the New World.

Answer 14

1450, Johannes Gutenberg perfected movable type printing • Result, one of most dramatic upheavals world has ever known Printed Word Available to More • Before Copies by hand; long, painstaking process • With movable type, books faster & cheaper, could be printed in local vernacular!! • Easier access to books prompted = More Literacy, imagined communities Best seller list • Gutenberg’s first publication, 1,282-page Bible • Explosion of printed material spread Renaissance ideas,

Answer 15

The realization that happened after the printing press with knowledge more readily avaliable. One could now have the same information as someone else that was miles away.

Answer 16

Religions reform. Individualism & Nationalism n I. As social, physical, and intellectual horizons widened, the Catholic Church was increasingly seen to be inadequate for the changing times n b. Resistance from National Monarchies n i.The Church tried citizens in their own courts; it owned vast amounts of land in various countries; and, was exempt from many domestic taxes n Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged formation of independent states, nations n Rulers, merchants want church less involved in state, business affairs n Political power became separated from churches n Nations, churches still aligned with one another to increase influence n Prominent people included John Wycliffe(Priest from Oxford, denied the supremacy of the Pope; believed in the primacy of the Scriptures n Condemned various practices of the Church such as the sacraments, confession, pilgrimage, and clerical celibacy • and Martin Luther : Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed • 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope Empowered the People • Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible • To help, Luther translated Bible into German • Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy

Answer 17

voodoon, french, slave trade

Answer 18

.formerly dahomey

Answer 19

man in theslave kingdoms film.

Answer 20

African religion, relevant because this is the only surviving religion in the us today from the days of African slave trade. It survived because the sugar plantation slaves were not converted, and thus we see remnants of it in “ voodoo” today in places like new Orleans

Answer 21

Where slaves were kept

Answer 22

slave kingdom near Kumase

Answer 23

Fearsome female warriors. Their descendents guard the kind of dahome Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade- The slave trade that occurred when europeans brought Africans to the Americas.

Answer 24

The gate at which point Africans knew they would be going to the new worls as slaves.

Answer 25

Grouping people by religion into communities. Muslims at the top of the hierarchy, then Christians and Jews

Answer 26

From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders (Anatolia and Turkey) Decline of the Mongols Rise of Osman Bey Dominate force by mid 14th century in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.

Answer 27

fathers trained sons to be capable rulers and warriors , millet system which separated people by religion, they utilized the talent of the different peoples of their empire, succession by fratricide, and new military tech Fratricide- Succession to the strongest; not the eldest No Primary Queen, all women co-equal slave status Large Harem with “women from around the world” No inbreeding of royal family

Answer 28

People had to give one son to be trained to be a janissary

Answer 29

elite warriors

Answer 30

Ottoman empire Great combination of personal power, ruthlessness, talent, and energy · Disregard of traditional succession · Sultanate of the Women "Selim the Sot. was his heir, and put his brother in a Cage, the infant brother died soon after.

Answer 31

In 1501, Ismâ'il was proclaimed shah at Tabriz, the first capital Politics and War Under the Safavid Shahs Succession crisis Tahmasp I, and Shah Abbas I extended Safavid territories to their greatest extent. Turned back by the Ottomans Military elite, recruitment of Russian slaves into army, conversion and administration positions Imported European Technology Built many mosques and impressive architecture

Answer 32

State sponsored Shiite theology and supervised the education of religious leaders Much of the Safavid population was converted to Shi'ism, occasionally by force Demise in early 1700s

Answer 33

Shahs claimed to be descendents of the Imams

Answer 34

. Shah of (Persia) and the founder of the Safavid dynasty which survived until 1736.

Answer 35

Safavid dynasty

Answer 36

Monotheistic religion opposed to polytheistic teachings | Meat / vegetarians; brotherhood/ caste system

Answer 37

Merger of muslim and hindu theology and culture. Pre-dominantly non-Muslim population · Religious conflict: Hinduism theology vs. Islamic theology · Monotheistic religion opposed to polytheistic teachings Meat / vegetarians; brotherhood/ caste system Hindus adopted the Muslim custom of purdah, the seclusion of women; as well as Muslim style of dress ·Urdu, a language combining Hindi, Persian, and Arabic, developed and became the language of poets Kabir taught, "God is one, whether we worship him as Allah or as Rama."

Answer 38

a language combining Hindi, Persian, and Arabic, developed and became the language of poets

Answer 39

1398, 90,000 Calvary soldiers devastated Delhi, "for two months not a bird moved a wing in the city.“ Dedicated to the arts Protected teachers and artisans

Answer 40

Babar grandson Illiterate by choice, surrounded himself with educated advisors Knowledgeable ruler: rebuilt infrastructure, allowed local laws to pervade, reform society for women, children, prisoners of war.

Answer 41

Shah Jahan built for his favorite wife (1622) 20,000 workers, 15 years to complete

Answer 42

Luther's new identity

Answer 43

Influencial in the reformation, priest from oxford. denied the supremacy of the Pope; believed in the primacy of the Scriptures n Condemned various practices of the Church such as the sacraments, confession, pilgrimage, and clerical celibacy

Answer 44

ninety five theses

Answer 45

Martin Luther

Answer 46

(1509-1564): n French lawyer, moved to Switzerland radical, intolerant Protestantism a. Very narrow interpretation of Scriptures Developed Presbytery: general congregation to participate in church functions and to make decisions about its government

Answer 47

Influenced by Augustine • Preached Predestination: God knows who will be saved at birth • Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end

Answer 48

the name given to a long series of wars and battles between the Christian Kingdoms and the Muslim Moors for control of the Iberian Peninsula. It lasted for a good portion of the Middle Ages from 718 to 1492.

Answer 49

New religious orders whose members reform church • Renewed church’s emphasis on spirituality, service • 1534 Society of Jesus, or the, Jesuits ran like military • Emphasizing obedience to church above all • Jesuits use education to combating Protestant Reformation; established missions, schools, universities

Answer 50

.long series of wars and battles between the Christian Kingdoms and the Muslim Moors for control of the Iberian Peninsula.

Answer 51

Born 1394, 3rd son, helped father and brother with the Reconquista o Wanted to stop Barbary pirates, capture of Euros for slave trade o Explore African coast o Took over the Order of Christ; formally the Knights’ Templar o 1430 control of islands off west Africa: Carnies, Madeira. o 1460 trade with Africa o Sponsored navigation schools, cartographers, and expeditions. o Incorporated new technology; lighter ships, astrolabes, compasses, triangle sails. o Took 1/5 of profits from voyages and brought first African slaves.

Answer 52

Prince henry the navigator first utilized these to afford more control and speed

Answer 53

Population vs. Land ratio Advancement Trade/ Gold Standardization Empire Building

Answer 54

a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so.

Answer 55

.are a Spanish archipelago located just off the southern coast of Morocco, 100 kilometres (62 miles) west of its southern border.

Answer 56

plantations are single cash crop farms. This was where many of the slaves ended up once they came across the Atlantic.

Answer 57

one of the main cash crops for the plantation economies, a brutal crop to work the life expectancy for slaves working on a sugarcane crop was extremely short.

Answer 58

wife of king Ferdinand, sent christofer collumbus

Answer 59

.The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.

Answer 60

.were an Arawak people who were the indigenous people of the Caribbean and Florida. At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico. In the Greater Antilles, the northern Lesser Antilles, and the Bahamas, they were known as the Lucayans. They spoke the Taíno language, one of the Arawakan languages.

Answer 61

Europeans brought it over to the new world with them, native americans were not prepared to handle it, wiped out a large part of their population

Answer 62

The three G's: God, Glory, Gold

Answer 63

``` Portuguese explorer who organised the Castilian (Spanish) expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.Early Years – Captain of 5 Spanish Ships, 234 men – Brazil and Munity – Straits – Pacific – Philippines – 17 crew survive ```

Answer 64

Signed June 7, 1494 • Pope divided the globe between Spain and Portugal. • All nations currently held by a Christian leaders shall be retained. • Spain= new world, except for Brazil and Portugal= Asia. Did not make other nations or the people being divided up happy

Answer 65

.At its peak it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in Mexico City's downtown.

Answer 66

city of gold, City of gold, searched for for years, wild goose chase Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

Answer 67

Fur trade by the French, became a major fashion in europe

R&R, china, mongols and the new world Flashcards

(102 cards)