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Duke-NUS MS1 > RA6 Nervous System and Muscle > Flashcards

RA6 Nervous System and Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

Divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system:
- Sensory (afferent) vs motor (efferent)

PNS Motor:
- Somatic (voluntary ) vs autonomic (involuntary)

Autonomic nervous system:
- Sympathetic (fight or flight) vs parasympathetic (rest and digest)
- Enteric (digestive system)

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Consists of?
- Dervied from?

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Derived from neural plate
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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Consists of?
- Derived from?

A
  • Nerves and ganglia that lie outside the brain and spinal cord
  • Derived from neural crest
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4
Q

PNS:
Somatic vs autonomic nervous system
- Controls what kind of movement?
- Composed of how many neurons?

A

Somatic:
- Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
- Composed of a single neuron that synapses directly onto the target

Autonomic
- Controls involuntary movement of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
- Composed of two neurons in series with a single synpase before synapsing onto the target

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5
Q

ANS: Parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous system
- Function
- What kind of nerves?
- What kind of neurotransmitters?

A

Parasymapthetic:
- “Rest and digest”
- Craniosacral nerves
- Cholinergic: acetylcholine

Sympathetic:
- “Fight of flight”
- Thoracolumbar nerves
- Noradrenergic: norepinephrine - except sweat glands (cholinergic: acetylcholine)

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6
Q

Enteric nervous system
- What does it innervate?
- Function?
- Regulated by?

A
  • Innervates the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gall bladder
  • Independently controls peristalsis, absorption, and secretion of fluids and enzymes
  • Regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
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7
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons

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8
Q

Dendrites
1. Function?
2. Organelles?
3. Myelinated?
4. Generate what kind of potential?
5. Specialised structures?

A
  1. Signal reception
  2. Typical cytoplasmic elements, RER/SER, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus
  3. NOT myelinated
  4. Generate graded potentials
  5. Form dendritic spines: specialised postsynaptic strutures
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9
Q

Axons
1. Function?
2. Organelles?
3. Myelinated?
4. Generate what kind of potential?
5. Specialised structures?

A
  1. Signal conduction
  2. Few organelles, only has SER
  3. May be myelinated or unmyelinated
  4. Generate action potentials
  5. Form axon terminals: presynaptic sites containing synpatic vesicles
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10
Q

Axon hillock
1. Function?
2. Organelles?
3. Myelinated?
4. Generate what kind of potential?

A
  1. Signal integration
  2. Few organelles
  3. NOT myelinated
  4. Subject to graded potentials
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11
Q

Synaptic transmission

A
  1. Action potnetial reaches terminal
  2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
  3. Influx of Ca2+ induces vesicle docking (a) and/or formation of pore complex (b)
  4. Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft
  5. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors/channels on postsynaptic membrane
  6. Neurotransmitter removed from cleft via degredation (e.g. acetylecholinesterase) or re-uptake (e.g. serotonin)
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12
Q

Anterograde axonal transport
1. Fast or slow?
2. Utilises what motor protein?
3. + or - end directed?

A
  1. Can be fast or slow
  2. Utilises kinesins
  3. Generally + end directed
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13
Q

Retrograde axonal transport
1. Fast or slow?
2. Utilises what motor protein?
3. + or - end directed?

A
  1. Generally fast only
  2. Utilises dynein
  3. Generally - end directed
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14
Q

Glial cells

A

Non-neuronal cells that provide physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment

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15
Q

Types of glial cells
1. PNS: 2 types
2. CNS: 4 types

A

PNS (nerual crest derived):
1. Schwann cells
2. Satellite cells

CNS (neural plate derived):
1. Oligodendrocytes
2. Astrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal cells

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16
Q

Schwann cells
1. Location?
2. Derived from?
3. Function?

A
  1. Located in the PNS
  2. Derived from neural crest
  3. Insulate peripheral axons by forming myelin sheath
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17
Q
  1. One Schwann cell can ensheath how many axons?
  2. One Schwann cell can myelinate how many axons?
A
  1. One Schwann cell can ensheath (but not myelinate) multiple axons.
  2. One Schwann cell can only myelinate ONE axon.
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18
Q

Myelination requires vitamin (…)

A

Myelination requires vitamin B12

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19
Q

Function of myelin sheath

A

Insulate axons and enable saltatory conduction

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20
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Axonal regions between adjacent Schwann cells not covered by myelin sheath

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21
Q

Satellite cells
1. Location?
2. Derived from?
3. Function?

A
  1. Located in the PNS
  2. Derived neural crest
  3. Surround the cells bodies in PNS ganglia and maintain their surrounding envrionment
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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes
1. Location?
2. Derived from?
3. Function?

A
  1. Located in the CNS
  2. Derived from neural plate
  3. Form myelin sheath around CNS axons
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23
Q

How many axons can one Schwann cell vs one oligodendrocyte myelinate?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • One Schwann cell can myelinate one axon
  • One oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axons
24
Q

Astrocytes
1. Location?
2. Derived from?
3. Function?
4. Shape?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Located in the CNS
  2. Derived from neural plate
  3. Respond to injuries (reactive gliosis/astrocytosis - forms glial scar), help to maintain the blood-brain-barrier (contact with endothelial cells induces formation of extensive tight junction between endothelial cells in CNS capillaries; signals to pericytes to maintain vessel integrity)
  4. Star-shaped
25
Microglia 1. Location? 2. Derived from? 3. Function?
1. Located in the **CNS** 2. Derived from **neural plate** 3. Resident **macrophage** cells of the CNS; **phagocytotic** (derived from blood monocytes)
26
Ependymal cells 1. Location? 2. Derived from? 3. Function?
1. Located in the **CNS** 2. Derived from **neural plate** 3. Line the **brain ventricles** and **spinal canal**. Ependymal cells of CHOROID PLEXUS secrete **cerebrospinal fluid**
27
Gray Matter 1. Location in brain vs spinal cord 2. Contents
1. Periphery of brain, inner area of spinal cord 2. Contains neuron **cell bodies**
28
White matter 1. Location in brain vs spinal cord 2. Contents
1. Inner area of brain, periphery of spinal cord 2. Contains **axons**
29
The meninges that cover the CNS are neural (...) derived
The meninges that cover the CNS are neural **crest** derived
30
Epineurium - Location? - What kind of tissue? - What does it contain?
- Surrounds the **whole nerve bundle**, which contains multiple nerve fascicles - **Dense irregular** connective tissue - Contains **blood vessels** and **adipose tissue**
31
Perineurium - Location? - What properties does its cells have?
- Surrounds each individual nerve **fascicle** - Contains cells with **contractile** properties and **tight junctions** that form a **blood-nerve barrier** (myoepithelial)
32
Endoneurium - Location? - What kind of tissue?
- Surrounds each **axon** in a nerve fascicle - Delicate collagen fibrils
33
Are injured axons able to regenerate in the PNS vs CNS?
- PNS: axons are able to **regenerate** - CNS: axons **do not** readily regenerate due to inhibition by glial scar (formed from reactive gliosis by astrocytes)
34
Motor unit
Consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls
35
A muscle fibre is usually innervated by how many neurons?
A muscle fibre is usually innervated by a **single** neuron
36
Motor end plate
- The part of the muscle cell membrane where the neuron synapses - AKA neuromuscular junction
37
Alpha motor neurons (efferent) - What does it innervate? - Function?
- Innervate **extrafusal** muscle fibers - Generates force for posture and movement
38
Gamma motor neurons (efferent) - What does it innervate? - Function?
- Innervates **intrafusal** muscle fibers in the **muscle spindle** - Controls the **length** of the muscle spindle
39
Sensory (afferent) neurons of **muscle spindle** - What do they sense? - What are the activated by?
- Sense changes in and degree of **stretch** in the muscle spindle - Activated by **stretching** of the muscle
40
Stimulation of the afferent neuron coming from a muscle spindle in a limb muscle leads to: A. stimulation of a single muscle B. relaxation of a single muscle C. contraction of the muscle and relaxation of the antagonistic muscle D. relaxation of the muscle and contraction of the antagonistic muscle
C. contraction of the muscle and relaxation of the antagonistic muscle - The afferent neuron senses stretch - stimulation means the muscle is being stretched/overstretched. - Reflex: afferent neuron senses that muscle is overstretched -> contraction of muscle -> relaxation of opposing muscle.
41
Sensory (afferent) neuron of **Golgi tendon organ** - What do they sense? - What are the activated by?
- Senses **tension** (contraction) generated by the muscle - Activated by **contraction** of the muscle
42
Stimulation of the afferent neuron coming from a Golgi tendon organ in a limb muscle leads to: A. stimulation of a single muscle B. relaxation of a single muscle C. contraction of the muscle and relaxation of the antagonistic muscle D. relaxation of the muscle and contraction of the antagonistic muscle
D. relaxation of the muscle and contraction of the antagonistic muscle - The afferent neuron senses tension/contraction - stimulation means the muscle is being contracted. - Reflex: afferent neuron senses that muscle is contracted -> relaxation of muscle -> contraction of opposing muscle.
43
Striated skeletal muscle fiber 1. Size of cell 2. No. of nuclei 3. Location of nuclei 4. Somatic or autonomic nervous system?
1. **Large** cell 2. **Multinucleated** 3. Nuclei on **periphery** of cell 4. **Somatic** nervous system
44
Striated cardiac muscle fiber 1. Size of cell 2. No. of nuclei 3. Somatic or autonomic nervous system? 4. Special feature?
1. **Small** 2. **1-2** nuclei 3. **Autonomic** nervous system 4. Connected by specialised junctions
45
Smooth muscle cell 1. Size of cell 2. No. of nuclei 3. Location of nuclei 4. Somatic or autonomic nervous system?
1. **Small** 2. **Single** nucleated 3. Nucleus in the **center** of the cell 4. **Autonomic** nervous system
46
Muscle structure
Sarcomere: Contains actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments Myofibril: Contains many sarcomeres in series Muscle fiber: Contains many myofibrils
47
Sarcomere structure - 3 bands - 2 lines
- A band (dark band): contains thick **myosin** and overlapping **actin** - I band (light band): contains thin **actin only** - H band: contains thick **myosin only** - Z line: marks the **ends/boundaries** of each sarcomere - M line: **middle** of the sarcomere, through the middle of the myosin (A band)
48
During muscle contraction, the (...) band and (...) band are shortened, but the (...) band remains unchanged
During muscle contraction, the I band and H band are shortened, but the A band remains unchanged
49
Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling
1. Action potential passes down the T tubule and opens dihydropyridine receptor (DHP), an L-type Ca2+ channel. 2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ryanodine receptor opens, releasing Ca2+ into the cytosol. 3. Ca2+ binds to troponin, removing blocking action of tropomyosin and exposing the actin to myosin heads. 4. Cross bridges form between actin and myosin (uses ATP). 5. SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pumps Ca2+ back into SR. 6. Ca2+ removal from troponin restores tropomyosin blocking action.
50
Maximal velocity of muscle shortening occurs when there is (...) load
Maximal velocity of muscle shortening occurs when there is **zero** load
51
Isotonic contraction
- Tension > load - Muscle shortens
52
Isometric shortening
- Tension = load - Muscle does not shorten
53
Lengthening contraction
- Load > tension - Muscle slowly lengthens
54
Creatine phosphate hydrolysis - Mechanism? - High/low intensity/endurance?
- Donates phosphate to convert ADP to ATP via enzyme creatine kinase in the first few seconds of muscle activity - **High intensity**, low endurance
55
Anaerobic metabolism 1. Mechanism 2. What does it burn? 3. What does it produce?
1. Uses **glycolysis** 2. Burns **glucose** and muscle **glycogen** 3. Produces ATP and lactic acid
56
Aerobic metabolism 1. Mechanism 2. What does it burn? 3. What does it produce? 4. High/low intensity/endurance?
1. Uses **oxidative phosphorylation** 2. Burns **glucose** and **fatty acids** 3. Produces ATP, CO2, and water 4. Low intensity, **high endurance**
57
Muscle fiber types: Slow-oxidative vs Fast-oxidative-glycolytic vs Fast-glycolytic 1. Aerobic/anaerobic? 2. Function 3. What type of muscles?
Slow-oxidative: 1. Aerobic 2. Resist fatigue 3. Muscles for posture Fast-oxidative-glycolytic: 1. Aerobic + anaerobic 2. Resist fatigue 3. Muscles used in walking Fast-glycolytic 1. Anaerobic 2. Used for outbursts of strong force 3. Muscles used to jump

Duke-NUS MS1 (12 decks)

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