Rabies

Question 1

What type of organism is Rabies

Answer 1

Neurotropic viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae

Question 2

Where does the rabies virus best replicate within the human body

Answer 2

The brain and nervous tissues

Question 3

Two manifestations of rabies

Answer 3

Encephalitic “Furious”

Paralytic “Dumb”

Question 4

Encephalitic presentation of rabies

Answer 4

• Fever, hydrophobia, pharyngeal spasms, hyperactivity

Question 5

Incubation period for rabies

Answer 5

1-3 months

Question 6

What animal accounts for the majority of rabies inoculation

Answer 6

DOGS

Question 7

Predisposing factors for contracting rabies

Answer 7

Veterinarians, wildlife researchers, exposure to bat colonies, feral/unvaccinated dogs & cats

Question 8

What will rabies lead to because of the neurotropic nature of the virus

Answer 8

Encephalitis

Question 9

How long is a captured animal observed in isolation for signs of infection or mortality

Answer 9

10-14 days

Question 10

How many stools are needed to define diarrhea

Answer 10

3 or more loose or watery stools

Question 11

Acute Diarrhea timeframe

Answer 11

< 14 days

Question 12

Timeframe for persistent Diarrhea

Answer 12

More than 14-30 days

Question 13

Timeframe for chronic diarrhea

Answer 13

> 30 days

Question 14

What type of diarrhea presents with blood in loose-watery stools and fever
May be secondary to tissue damage to lining of the colon from certain bacteria, and/or toxins

Answer 14

Inflammatory Diarrhea

Question 15

What type of diarrhea presents with watery stools with no blood and absence of fever

Answer 15

Non-inflammatory Diarrhea

Question 16

Traveler’s diarrhea that is tolerable, not distressing, and does not interfere with planned activities

Answer 16

Mild Traveler’s diarrhea

Question 17

Traveler’s diarrhea that is distressing or interferes with planned activities

Answer 17

Moderate Traveler’s diarrhea

Question 18

Traveler’s diarrhea that is incapacitating or completely prevents planned activities

Answer 18

Severe Traveler’s diarrhea

Dysentery

Question 19

What is the first line mitigation technique for infectious diarrhea

Answer 19

Prevention

Question 20

bacteria that will cause diarrhea

Answer 20

• Enterotoxigenic Escherichia ETEC
• Campylobacter jejuni
• Shigella ssp.
• Salmonella ssp.
• Bacterial toxin-releasing

Question 21

Viral etiologies that cause diarrhea

Almost never inflammatory

Answer 21

• Norovirus

- Rotavirus

Question 22

Protozoal Etiologies that will cause diarrhea

Answer 22

• Giardia

- Entamoeba histolytica

Question 23

What are routes that viral infectious diarrhea is spread

Answer 23

Fecal-oral route, direct contact with contaminated food& water, aerosols of vomitus, and contaminated environmental surfaces/objects

Question 24

Incubation period for viral infectious diarrhea

Answer 24

12-48 hours

Question 25

Norovirus Symptoms

Answer 25

- Acute onset of abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and non-bloody diarrhea - body aches, headaches, and low-grade fever

Question 26

What is the recommended treatment for viral diarrhea

Answer 26

Oral rehydration therapy, anti-motility agents, and antiemetics

Question 27

are antibiotics recommended for treatment of diarrhea

Answer 27

Nope

Question 28

When are antibiotics warranted for diarrhea

Answer 28

Severe diarrhea with high fever, manifestations of extraintestinal infections

Question 29

What is the normal treatment for diarrhea caused by Camylobacter jejuni diarrhea

Answer 29

Generally self limiting and lasting < 1 week

Question 30

What type of Protozoal parasite causes diarrhea

Answer 30

Giardia

Question 31

Common name for Giardia diarrhea

Answer 31

Beaver Fever

Question 32

What is the most common intestinal parasitic disease affecting humans in the United States

Answer 32

Giardia

Question 33

Routes of transmission for giardia

Answer 33

Fecal-oral route, mammals (humans, beavers, dogs, and pets)

Question 34

Life phases for giardia

Answer 34

Cyst form | Trophozoite form

Question 35

which is the infectious form of Giardia Cyst form or Trophozoite form

Answer 35

Cyst form

Question 36

What lab testing is available for the diagnosis for Giardias

Answer 36

Antigen detection assays - Use antibodies against cyst or trophozoite - Capable of detecting Giardia and Cryptosporidium Stool Microscopy -

Question 37

Symptomatic presentation of acute Giardias

Answer 37

- Develop in 1-2 weeks - Diarrhea is foul smelling and greasy - Abdominal cramps - Bloating - Flatulence - Fatigue - Anorexia - Nausea

Question 38

What is the treatment for Giardia

Answer 38

Tinidazole 2 mg PO single dose Metronidazole (Flagyl) 250 mg PO TID

Question 38

What is the treatment for Giardia

Answer 38

Tinidazole 2 mg PO single dose Metronidazole (Flagyl) 250 mg PO TID

Question 39

Characteristic symptoms of infectious diarrhea of the small bowel

Answer 39

``` Larger in volume Watery More abdominal cramping Bloating Gas ```

Question 40

Characteristic symptoms of infectious diarrhea of the large bowel

Answer 40

``` More frequent Smaller volume More painful bloody stools Mucus ```

Question 41

Physical findings of infectious diarrhea

Answer 41

``` +/- fever Mild Tachycardia and hypotension Dehydration Positive tilt, turgor, dry mucus membrane Increased bowel sounds Mild diffuse abdominal tenderness ```

Question 42

What should be the initial treatment for infectious diarrhea

Answer 42

Rule out more serious / life-threatening pathologies

Question 43

Diet for patients with infectious diarrhea

Answer 43

Bananas Rice Applesauce Toast

Question 44

What is the dosage for loperimide (Imodium)

Answer 44

4 mg PO initially, followed y 2 mg PO after each loose stool. Not to exceed 16 mg/day

Question 45

What is the dosage for Bismusth subsalicylate

Answer 45

525 mg Q 30-60 min PRN for up to 2 days, do not exceed 4200 mg/day

Question 46

When should antibiotics be considered in the treatment of diarrhea

Answer 46

``` Fever + >10 stools/day + Significant or complete loss of operational effectiveness ```