Race and Crime

Question 1

What is race?

Answer 1

Physical/biological

Question 2

What is ethnicity?

Answer 2

Distinctive groups based on commonalities of culture, language, religion, etc.

Question 3

What is nationality?

Answer 3

Refers to legal citizenship of a particular nation-state

Question 4

What does it mean by race being socially constructed?

Answer 4

They are dynamic and subject to change

Question 5

What does it mean by crime being a social construct?

Answer 5

There is nothing that is innately deviant or criminal about any act

Question 6

What is symbolic interactionism ?

Answer 6

Rests on the assumption that our reality is socially constructed

Question 7

How are the meanings of symbols ascribed?

Answer 7

They are created through social interaction

Question 8

What were the results from a study showing the same CV to different employees but different race were listed?

Answer 8

Italians – 12% more applications

Indigenous – 35% more applications

Middle Eastern – 64% more applications

Chinese – 68% more applications

Question 9

What happened to the label of delinquent over time?

Answer 9

Over time the label of delinquent becomes internalised

Question 10

What did Merton distinguish in the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 10

The perceptions of in-groups and out-groups

Question 11

What does the self-fulfilling prophecy ascribe?

Answer 11

Negative motivations and labels to members of out-groups

Question 12

What is primary deviance?

Answer 12

Essentially normal, experimental boundary testing

Question 13

What is secondary deviance?

Answer 13

Resulting from internalised pejorative labels applied by agents of social control

Question 14

Which deviance is more important in determining of futures offence?

Answer 14

Secondary deviance

Question 15

What does stigmatization refer to?

Answer 15

The process by which offenders are publicly identified and degraded

Question 16

What did Howard Beck highlight in his criminological research?

Answer 16

The role of moral entrepreneurs in identifying and criminalising deviancy

Question 17

How many Australians are born overseas?

Answer 17

26% of all Australians

Question 18

What is the statistical relationship between immigrants and offending?

Answer 18

Immigrants in general have the lowest rates of offending

First-generation immigrants (parents born overseas) offend more than their parents but still less than average

2nd+ generation Australians generally have the highest rates of offending

Exceptions are immigrants and descendants from New Zealand, Lebanon, Vietnam, Turkey and Romania

Question 19

What are the areas of life do immigrants experience disadvantage?

Answer 19

Higher than average unemployment

Lower earning/low status jobs

Lower levels of education

Reduced language competency

Residency in more affordable, higher-crime neighbourhoods

Question 20

What is a prolific case study about the link between race and crime?

Answer 20

Sudanese Australians

Question 21

What is the statistical quantity of Sudanese born Victorians & crime?

Answer 21

Small in overall terms but significant over-representation for a range of serious crimes

Question 22

What cultural risk factors are associated with the break down of traditional gender roles and familial status?

Answer 22

Financial power and independence

Language capability

Child freedom and differential adaptation

Question 23

What cultural risk factors are associated with conspicuous identification?

Answer 23

Media stereotyping

Discrimination & labeling

Question 24

What did the British declare Australia as when first colonized?

Answer 24

Terra nullius

Question 25

Who were the fighters representing the colonization of Australia?

Answer 25

Colonial mounted police forces

Question 26

How were Indigenous Australians recruited into policing?

Answer 26

Indigenous troopers were recruited through coercion, kidnapping and voluntary enlistment

Question 27

What were the cultures of resistance in Australia?

Answer 27

Continuum of antagonism, resistance and resentment between the state, particularly police, and Indigenous peoples

Question 28

What did Weatherburn and Snowball suggest in terms of race and crime?

Answer 28

The need to address the root causes of offending

Question 29

What is differential policing?

Answer 29

Differential policing refers to different policing strategies imposed on ethnic minorities

Question 30

What is the difference between Indigenous Australians and non-Indigenous Australians in terms of policing interaction?

Answer 30

Indigenous Australians much more likely to be arrested rather than cautioned by police than non-Indigenous Australians

Question 31

What are the three charges that characterize police-indigenous interactions?

Answer 31

Offensive language/behaviour Resisting arrest/hindering police Assault

Question 32

What are the negative consequences of police-indigenous interaction?

Answer 32

The deaths of Mulrunji Doomadgee in police custody on Palm Island and teenager TJ Hickey in Redfern in 2004 which sparked major riots

Question 33

How is the relationship between Indigenous Australians and other Australians being repaired?

Answer 33

The fostering of reconciliation between Indigenous and other Australians