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RAD BIO FOR MOCK Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the quality control specialize in? what is the main objective?

A

quality assurance
achieve the best image quality

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2
Q

What does the SMPTE pattern test for?
What does SMPTE stand for?
what does JND stand for?

A

luminance response
Society of motion production and television engineers
Just-noticeable-difference

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3
Q

How do we calculate the repeat/reject rate?
What is the repeat/reject analysis percent we like to stay within?
What is the primary cause of repeats on DR systems?

A

Divide total X-rays/ repeat
3-5%
patient positioning

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4
Q

What is a way to test the collimator alignment?
what is the tolerance?

A

A-penny test
2%

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5
Q

If we are testing the “hardness” of the x-ray beam what are we primarily looking at?

A

half-value layers

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5
Q

what is the tolerance for SID accuracy?

A

+/- 2% variance
A-penny test

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6
Q

what are the main components in quality control program?

A

Acceptance test (baseline for new machines)
Annual testing
Diagnose & documenting deviations

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6
Q

If we are using SMPTE test pattern and use the photometer and place it on the squares to measure the JND, what test are we performing?

A

luminance response test

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6
Q

In Fluro units, what is the tolerance in one direction? (for collimation)
In total?

A

3% variance
4% variance total

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7
Q

what is the tolerance range for Kvp variations?

A

5% variance

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8
Q

Which of the following tests of QC imaging can be performed visually by the radiographer?
what kind?

A

Uniformity issues
Artifacts
(Also can be uneven spatial resolution or dark noise)

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8
Q

what type of monitor or workstation is critical that the illuminance & contrast is set to a precise setting?
also known as?
what is an example of a class 2 monitor?
what do we use these for?

A

Class 1 monitor; Diagnostic work station
technologist work station
Post processing & window leveling

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9
Q

what is the tolerance for timer accuracy? what kind of monitors do we mainly use?
what is the disadvantage?
what is the official name of this disadvantage?

A

5% variance
LCD monitors
Limited viewing angle
VAD (viewing angle dependence)

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10
Q

if we are measuring resolution within an image what tool do we use?

A

Lines-pairs tool

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11
Q

what is the least reliable exposure factor?
What is the tolerance?

A

MA-linearity
10% (from tube fatigue)

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11
Q

What is illuminance?
What tool measures this?

A

the light that strikes the surface of an object
photometer

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12
Q

What is the spatial resolution we should see on a monitor?
what about on the detector?
how often do we test aprons?

A

2.5 LP/mm
2.5 LP/mm
annually

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12
Q

What is the tolerance of these:
kVp accuracy:
Exposure reproducibility:
automatic exposure control:
collimator accuracy:
central ray accuracy:
SID accuracy:
Fluro collimation:
what is the Fluro exposure rate? Boost?
Exposure reproducibility?

A

5%
5%
10%
2%
1%
2%
3% one direction 4% total
10R 20R
5% of the average

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13
Q

what type of units do we use for radiation biology? what are these?

A

SI units; systeme international
grays, sieverts, & coulombs

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13
Q

what is exposure? what unit measures this?

A

amount of radiation in the primary beam; coulombs per kg

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14
Q

what is absorbed dose? what is the unit of measurement for this? can also equal?

A

energy absorbed by an irradiated object; G (gray)
1j/kg (joule)= 1G

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14
Q

what is the effective dose? what is the formula we use to calculate this? what does effective dose take in account for? what unit of measurement is used to calculate?

Study These Flashcards
A

sum of all doses for all irradiated tissues
absorbed dose x radiation weighting factor x tissue weighting factor
type of radiation & the tissue sensitivity
sieverts

15
Q

what is the dose equivalent? what unit of measurement do we use?

Study These Flashcards
A

absorbed dose x radiation weighting factor; Sv (sieverts)

16
Q

what are the radiation weighting factors? what are there respected values from lowest to highest?
what are the tissue weighting factors from most to least sensitive? what are there values?

Study These Flashcards
A

gamma, x-ray, positron =1
proton =2
alpha particles =20
gonads .20, red bone marrow 0.12, colon 0.12, liver 0.5, skin 0.1

17
what is air kerma? what unit of measurement is used? what does air kerma stand for?
amount of kinetic energy in the primary beam; gray kinetic energy release in matter
18
what is the DAP (dose area product)? it is measured by? if we increase collimation do we see more or less DAP?
takes in account the area being irradiated DAP meter; dose area x collimated field less DAP; increase collimation= less DAP, less collimation = more DAP
19
what is the half life? what is specific to?
time required for radioactivity to reduce to half of the original measurement isotope & constant
20
For radiation with 24 mGy how much time will need to pass for us to reach 3 mGy with a 6 hour half life?
18 hours
20
what is the integral dose? what is an example of this?
sum of all absorbed doses in an exam L-spine AP + Lat + flex/ext
21
what is a pocket or ion chamber? example of this?
real-time dose readings; using anode pin/plate Gieger counters, AEC, pen
22
what is an OSL(D)? how is it released? TLD? what is a film badge? purpose?
optically stimulant luminescent dosimeter; release by light thermoluminescent dosimeter; released by heat dosimeter with a small piece of film/foil filter; best determines what type of radiation (alpha particles)
23
what is the annual limit for these? natural radiation: manmade radiation: occupational dose limit? general public: fetus: lens of the eyes: everything else:
3msv; seen from radon gas or tightly sealed structures (granite or marble) 3msv 50msv; mostly seen in fluoroscopy 1 msv 0.5msv per month 150 msv 500 msv
24
what is LET? what does it stand for? what does high LET mean? what is an example of a high LET?
amount of energy deposited in tissue per radiations travel; linear energy transfer more concentrated which means more harmful to tissue alpha particles
24
what kind of penetration does high LET have? low LET?
high LET = low penetration (alpha) low LET= high penetration (gamma)
25
what does RBE primarily do? what does it stand for? if we are able to achieve the same effect with less quantity, what kind of RBE does this particle have? an example of this?
compares different types of radiation relative biological effectiveness high RBE 1 alpha particle or 20 gamma rays
26
what is the order for the cell phases in order? what is the most radiosensitive phase? radioresistant? what is the law of Bergonie & Tribondeau? what is interphase cell death?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, & telophase mitosis (cell division) mid to late S phase cells are more radiosensitive if they are primitive & prolific; lymphocytes several hundred gray can kill a cell before it can divide
26
what is the radiation response curve? what kind of curve can this be?
graphic representation of biologic response to increasing doses of radiation to the body linear/non-linear, threshold/non-threshold
27
what does LD x/y stand for?
LD; lethal dose x/y; percentage of population, number of days (dose required to kill the population)
27
what is dose response?
linear non-threshold that assumes any dose of radiation can cause damage most late effects follow this response
27
what is protraction? fractionation? dose rate?
how slowly a dose is delivered; increased protraction decreases effect dose delivered in discrete portions with a recovery period; 90% repairable, increase fractionation decreases effect how quickly dose is delivered; if dose rate goes up effect increases
28
what is stochastic? what kind of curve & how does this occur? what are some late effects?
randomly occurring biological effects of radiation; non-threshold, occurs in radiology (unlikely) probability increases with dose cancer & genetic abnormalities
28
how much of the radiation does a fetus receive from the mother's skin exposure? how much more sensitive is a 10-day embryo to radiation than an adult?
1/3 of skin exposure (abdomen) 10 times more sensitive
28
what are somatic effects? how can these be measured? what are they?
systemic effects of radiation to an individual; deterministic & stochastic
29
what is deterministic? what type of curve does this follow? what are some of the early effects? late effects?
biological effects that can be related to dose received, threshold dose, occurs after a large dose of radiation (can occur in fluro) early; erythema (2Gy) epilation (3Gy) infertility late; cataracts; temporary sterility (100msv)
30
what are teratogenic effects? what are some of the by products of this? when do these take place?
occurs en-utero to a developing fetus/embryo congenital abnormalities; radiation exposure at 2-8 weeks leukemia; exposure at mid to late fetal growth skeletal defects; 3rd week of gestation
30
what are the 3 main syndromes? what are there dose limits & side effects? how long does it take to die?
hematopoietic; 1-10 Gy; death in 6-8 week due to decreases blood cells in bone marrow which causes body to be more susceptible to organ failure/infection; early radiologist suffered from leukemia gastrointestinal; 6-10 Gy; death in 4-10 days; damages to epithelial cells that line the GI tract which causes the inability to absorb nutrients; death by dehydration & severe diarrhea cerebrovascular; 50Gy; death in hrs to 3 days; fluid leaks into brain & intracranial pressure + central nervous system failure
31
what does a genetic code consist of? how many pair of chromosomes are there? transfer RNA is attached to a specific:
nitrogenous bases found in the DNA 23 pairs amino acid
32
what does target theory state? what are some direct effects? example? indirect? what is most affected in indirect?
certain molecules are crucial to the survival of a cell x-ray photon deactivates a target molecule; x-ray damages key gene of chromosome) radiation ionizing water that deactivates a target molecule; cytoplasm of the cell
32
what is the end result of hydrolysis (radiation) of water?
hydrogen peroxide
32
what is low let (gamma) associated with? why is the energy transfer of x-ray low?
single strand DNA breaks due to the high penetration
32
what is a free radical? what is the oxygen effect?
uncharged atom with a single unpaired electron in it's outermost shell tissue is more sensitive to radiation when irradiated in an oxygen rich environment (indirect hits)
33
what is ARS? what are the four stages? how long & what symptoms exist in each phase?
acute radiation syndrome; occurs after large dose of radiation in a short period of time prodromal; ARS in hours; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, & fatigue latent; 1 week; no symptoms false sense of recovery manifest illness; less than 1 week; syndrome effects death; instant or recovery in some cases w/ long-term effects/damage
34
what does high LET exhibit? low LET?
low penetration & high RBE (alpha) high penetration & low RBE (gamma)

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