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RAD BIO TEST 2 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

How is lethal dose expressed?

A

% of of population to die
__________________________
# of days it would take

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2
Q

most late effects follow which dose response curve?

A

linear non-threshold

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3
Q

most early effects follow which dose response curve?

A

threshold

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4
Q

when would a sigmoid response curve be likely?

A

Deterministic effects at high levels. high levels is an important key word here

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5
Q

What is the order of mitosis cell phase?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
PMAT

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6
Q

When are cells more radiosensitive?

A

During mitosis. rapidly dividing cells are more radiosensitive

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7
Q

When are cells more radio resistant?

A

Mid to Late S phase. (DNA replication)

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8
Q

What is the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau?

A

Cells are more sensitive to radiation if they are “primitive and prolific” (ex: lymphocytes) cells that divide more/less highly differentiated are generally more sensitive to radiation

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9
Q

In interphase cell death, how many Gy is needed to kill a cell before it can divide?

A

Several Hundred Gy

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10
Q

How quickly dose is delivered.

A

Dose rate
^dose rate, ^effect

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11
Q

How slowly a dose is delivered

A

protraction
^ protraction, v effect

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12
Q

Delivering dose in discrete portions with a recovery period inbetween.

A

Fractionation.
^ fractionation v effect.
90% repairable

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13
Q

Systemic effects of radiation to an individual.

A

Somatic. (SELF)
characterized into deterministic and stochastic

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14
Q

Biological effects that can be directly related to the dose recieved

A

Deterministic

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15
Q

What are some early deterministic effects?

A

Erythema (2Gy), epilation-hair loss, infertility.
happens within hours or weeks. 90% repairable

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16
Q

Would deterministic be considered threshold or non threshold?

A

Threshold

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17
Q

What are the late deterministic effects?

A

Cateracts, temporary sterility (100 mSv)

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18
Q

Would Deterministic effects occur from digital or fluoro?

A

most likely fluoro

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19
Q

Deterministic or stochastic:
occurs after a large dose

A

deterministic

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20
Q

Randomly occurring biological effects of radiation

A

Stochastic

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21
Q

would stochastic be considered threshold or non-threshold?

A

non-threshold

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22
Q

What are some late stochastic effects?

A

cancer, genetic abnormalities

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23
Q

stocastic probability increases or decreases with dose?

Study These Flashcards
A

INCREASES.
theoretically can occur in diagnostic radiology

24
Q

Occurs en-utero to a developing embryo or fetus?

Study These Flashcards
A

Teratogenic effects

25
At what period of development for an embryo/fetus would congenital abnormalities likely be caused by radiation?
2-8 weeks
26
During mid to late fetal growth, ________ results from radiation exposure.
Lukemia
27
At what week of gestation would skeletal defects occur from radiation exposure?
3rd week of gestation.
28
A fetus receives ____ dose of the mother's skin exposure to the abdomen?
1/3
29
How sensitive to radiation is a 10 day old embryo compared to adults?
10x more sensitive
30
How many pairs of chromosomes are in the typical human?
23 pair
31
What does the genetic code consist of?
sequence of nitrogenous bases found in DNA
32
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is attached to:
a specific amino acid
33
A theory that describes certain molecules are critical for the survival of the cell:
target theory
34
Deactivation of a target molecule from an x-ray photon is considered:
Direct effect. (ex: x-ray photon directly damages a key gene on a chromosome)
35
Radiation ionizes water which in return deactivates a target molecule:
Indirect effects
36
is most damage done by direct or indirect effects?
indirect
37
Where does indirect effect most commonly occur?
cytoplasm of the cell
38
What is a free radical?
Any uncharged atom with a single, unpaired electron in its outermost shell
39
radiolysis:
ionization of water *hydrogen peroxide can be the end result of this*
40
What is the oxygen effect?
Tissue is more sensitive to radiation when irradiated in an oxygen rich environment. *indirect hits*
41
What is acute radiation syndrome?
Radiation sickness that occurs at large doses over a short period of time
42
What are the 4 stages of ARS?
Prodomal- within hours. Nausea vommiting, Diarrhea. Latent- 1 week. no symptoms, false sense of recovery Manifest illness- >1 week. syndrome effects Death (or recovery with some long term effects)
43
3 main symptoms/syndromes related to Acute Radiation Syndrome
Hematopoietic Gastrointestinal Cerebrovascular
44
Describe Hematopoietic: What is it- dose- death-
Decreased blood cells in bone marrow. (body susceptible to infection and organ failure) 1-10Gy death in 6-8 weeks. *early radiologist suffered from leukemia*
45
Describe Gastrointestinal: What is it- dose- death-
Damage to epithelial cells that line the GI tract. Dehydration and severe diarrhea. 6-10 Gy Death in 4-10 days
46
Describe Cerebrovascular: What is it- dose- death-
Fluid leaks into brain, intracranial pressure. central nervous system failure. 50+ Gy Death in hours-days
47
Single strand DNA breaks associated with high or low LET?
Low LET. *more susceptible to cancer*
48
Linear Energy Transfer. (LET)
amount of energy deposited by radiation into a material per unit path. *LET is an expression of radiation quality*
49
Low LET = High LET= high or low penetration?
Low LET = high penetration *x-ray & gamma rays* High LET= low penetration *alpha particles*
50
X-ray LET is low due to its:
high penetration
51
High LET= HIGH OR LOW RBE?
HIGH LET=HIGH RBE *Relative Biological effectiveness (RBE) is the effectiveness of a certain type of radiation causing a specified effect or disease*
52
All stages of Acute Radiation Syndrome are ____________ proportional to the dose received
inversely. *higher dose= shorter time period of each stage*
53
What are the only instances we have data from regarding large population Radiation Sickness?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki (atomic bombs)
54
Generate tissues for specific organs: Destroy particular cells that are "worn-out"
- blast cells *rapidly dividing= more radiosensitive.* -clast cells
55
Genetic cells= Reproduction or Beginning ex: sperm or ova
-genesis *rapidly dividing= more radiosensitive*

RAD BIO (2 decks)

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