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rad bio > Rad bio test 2 > Flashcards

Rad bio test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

1st deterministic effects of radiation

A
  1. acute rad syndrome
    - hematopoietic
    - gastrointestinal
    - cns
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2
Q

2nd deterministic effects of radiation

A
  1. local tissue damage
    - skin
    - gonads
    - extremities
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3
Q

3rd deterministic effects of radiation

A
  1. hematologic depression
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4
Q

4th deterministic effects of radiation

A
  1. cytogenetic damage
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5
Q

1st stochastic effects of radiation

A
  1. leukemia
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6
Q

2nd stochastic effects of radiation

A
  1. other malignant disease
    - bone cancer
    - lung cancer
    - thyroid cancer
    - breast cancer
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7
Q

3rd stochastic effects of radiation

A
  1. local tissue damage
    - skin
    - gonads
    - eyes
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8
Q

4th stochastic effects of radiation

A
  1. shortening of life span
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9
Q

5th stochastic effects of radiation

A
  1. genetic damage
    - cytogenetic damage
    - doubling dose
    - genetically significant dose
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10
Q

effects of fetal irradiation

A 
prenatal death
neonatal death
congenital malformation
childhood malignancy
diminished growth and development
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11
Q

deterministic effect

A

radiation response increase in severity with increasing dose ( within days)

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12
Q

stochastic effect

A

radiation response increasing with increasing radiation dose ( months or years)

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13
Q

radiobiology

A

study of effects of ionizing radiation on biologic effects

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14
Q

atomic composition of body

A 
60% hydrogen
25.7% oxygen
10.7% carbon
2.4% nitrogen
.2% calcium
.1% phosphorus
.1% sulfur
.8% trace elements
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15
Q

robert hooke

A

first named the cell as the biologic building block 1665

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16
Q

anton and leeuwenkoek

A

1673 described the living cell through microscopic observation

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17
Q

schneider and schwann

A

all plants and animals the cell is the basic fundamental unit 1838 ( Cell Theory)

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18
Q

Watson and Crick

A

1953 DNA as the genetic substance of cells

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19
Q

molecule composition

A 
80% water
15%protein
2% lipid
1% carbohydrates
1% nucleic acid
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20
Q

macromolecules

A

very large molecules that consist sometimes of hundred of thousand of thousands of atoms

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21
Q

organic molecules

A

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

life supporting and contains carbon

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22
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown into smaller units of macromolecules

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23
Q

anabolism

A

production of large molecules from small

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24
Q

metabolism

A

anabolism and catabolism collectively

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25
Q

protein

A

consists of amino acids and peptide bonds

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26
Q

protein synthesis

A

22 amino acids, the metabolic production of protein

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27
Q

enzymes

A

molecules that are necessary in small quantities to allow biochemical reactions

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28
Q

hormomes

A

molecules that exercise regulatory control over some body functions such as growth and development

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29
Q

endocrine glands

A

pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, and gonads

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30
Q

antibodies

A

primary defense mechanism of the body against infection and disease

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31
Q

antigen

A

infectious agent

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32
Q

lipids

A

glycerol and fatty acids
composed od CHO
present in all tissues and is structural components of cell membranes
(thermal insulator)

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33
Q

carbohydrates

A

(saccharides) provide fuel for cell metabolism

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34
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine

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35
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine and cytosine

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36
Q

endoplasmic recticulum

A

channel that allows the nucleus to communicate to the cytoplasm

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37
Q

mitochondria

A

produce energy /engine of the cell

38
Q

ribosomes

A

site for protein synthesis

39
Q

lysosomes

A

contain enzymes capable of digesting cellular fragments

controls intracellular contaminants

40
Q

cell proliferation

A

the act of a single cell or group to reproduce and multiply in number

41
Q

genetic cells

A

include the oogonium of the female and the spermogonium of the male
under goes meioses

42
Q

somatic cells

A

all other cells

goes through mitosis

43
Q

interphase

A 
period of growth between divisions
g1 pre DNA synthesis phase
S  synthesis phase
g2 post DNA synthesis growth phase
M slowly takes the form of chromosomes
44
Q

prophase

A

nucleus swells, takes structural form

45
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes appear and are lined up along equator of nucleus (can be studied and mitosis can be stopped)

46
Q

anaphase

A

splitting of each chromosome at the centromere
connected by fiber to a pole
pole is named spindles
fiber is named spindle fibers

47
Q

telophase

A

disappearance of structural chromosomes into a mass of DNA

48
Q

meiosis

A

the process whereby genetic cells undergo reduction division

49
Q

how many pairs of autosomes

A

22

50
Q

autosomes can be organized into a diagnostic graphic called

A

karyotype

51
Q

what genes composed of

A

DNA strands

52
Q

mutation

A

changes that occur because of an error in the process of meiosis or mitisos

53
Q

the HGP has found that there are ____________ protein coding genes in human chromosome

A

20,000-25,000

54
Q

specific patterns of inheritance

A

Mendelian laws or patterns

55
Q

congenital anomalies

A

disorders present at birth/ either genetic inherited or developmental disorder

56
Q

birth defects occur in

A

1 out 28

57
Q

aminocentesis

A

the extraction of fluid from the uterus to sample fetal tissue for testing

58
Q

what is the name that refers to period of life from old age to death

A

senescence

59
Q

HRT

A

hormone replacement therapy

60
Q

BPH

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy

61
Q

theories of aging

A

wear and tear, apoptosis, accumulated waste, increased degenerative changes in collagen and fiber

62
Q

asterioscelerosis

A

hardening and loss of elasticity of the atrial wall with narrowing of the lumen

63
Q

atheroscelerosis

A

development of obstruction by cholesterol plaques and thrombus on the walls of large arteries

64
Q

bone density xray

A

Dexa Scan

65
Q

low impact excersises

A

tai chi and swimming

66
Q

presbyopia

A

farsightedness

67
Q

xerostomia

A

dry mouth

68
Q

incontience

A

involuntary voiding of urine

69
Q

constipation is a carcinogen for what cancer

A

colorectal cancer

70
Q

division of somatic cells

A

mitosis

71
Q

division of germ cells

A

meioses

72
Q

stem cells

A

which exist to self perpetuate and produce cells for a differentiated cell population

73
Q

transit cells

A

cells in movement to another population

74
Q

mature cells

A

fully differentiated and do not exhibit mitotic activity

75
Q

what is a group of cells that perform functions together

A

tisssue

76
Q

what is a group of tissues that perform functions together

A

organ

77
Q

what is a group of functions that perform functions together

A

system or an organism

78
Q

What is sparsely ionizing

A

low LET

xray and gamma

79
Q

what is densely ionizing

A

high LET

neutrons, protons, and alpha particles

80
Q

what is the dividing line between low and high LET

A

10 keV/micrometer

81
Q

cell proliferation is defined by what two time periods

A

M and S phase

82
Q

when are cells most radiosensitive

A

g2 and m

83
Q

when are cells most resistant

A

s phase

84
Q

Time of phases

A 
G1   1-8hrs 
S     6-8hours
G2   2-4 hrs
M  less than 1 hr
total 10-20 hrs
85
Q

direct action

A

radiation interacts directly with critical target within the cell
dominant process of high LET and biologic material

86
Q

Indirect action

A

radiation interacts with other molecules and atoms (mainly water) within the cell to produce free radicals which may diffuse and damage the critical target
2/3 of biologic damage is by low LET due to indirect action

87
Q

possible outcomes of irradiated cells

A

apoptosis, no effect, division delay, and mutation

88
Q

lethal damage

A

irreversible, irreparable, leads to cell death

89
Q

sublethal damage

A

can be repaired , unless additional damage is added that leads to lethal level

90
Q

potentially lethal damage

A

may be repaired when cells are allowed to remain in a non-dividing state

rad bio (4 decks)

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