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Rad Biology and Safety Flashcards

(50 cards)

1
Q

What is thermionic emission?

A

The boiling off, or liberation of electrons

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2
Q

Where does the current come from to produce thermionic emission?

A

Step-down transformer

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3
Q

What is the unit of electric potential?

A

Volt/Voltage

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4
Q

What charge is the anode?

A

positive

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5
Q

What material makes up the target surface?

A

tungsten with rhenium

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6
Q

What two components make up the cathode?

A

filament wires and focusing cup

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7
Q

What charge does the cathode carry?

A

negative

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8
Q

What material is the focusing cup?

A

molybdenum or nickel

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9
Q

What material makes up filament wires?

A

thoriated tungsten

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10
Q

Where do electrons turn into X-rays?

A

the tungsten target

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11
Q

What is the Z-value of tungsten?

A

74

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12
Q

First shell of electrons?

A

K-Shell

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13
Q

Electrons have what charge?

A

Negative

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14
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in any shell?

A

Orbital shell # used in 2(n)^2

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15
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the valence shell?

A

8 electrons

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16
Q

What is the blinding energy of the K-shell of tungsten?

A

69.53 keV (other shells L=12, M=3, N=1)

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17
Q

What does “A” stand for?

A

atomic mass

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18
Q

What does ionization mean?

A

removal of an orbit shell electron

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19
Q

After ionization takes place, what is the charge of the atom?

A

positive

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20
Q

What interactions are formed in the tube? (production)

A

Brems and Characteristic

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21
Q

In X-Ray production, what is the interaction with the electrostatic field of the nucleus?

22
Q

In X-Ray production, describe the interaction where a high speed electron interacts with a tungsten target atom by ejecting an INNER shell electron, causing a cascade effect and ionizing the atom?

A

Characteristic

23
Q

Which is more common, Brems or Characteristic?

24
Q

Which is more common, Brems or Characteristic?

25
How do you calculate the energy of the new electron in characteristic radiation?
Take the energy of the K-Shell and subtract whichever shell replaces it. Ex. K=70 L=12 M=3 N=1 70-12= 58 keV is the new energy. Difference in the binding energies of each shell.
26
What are types of particulate radiation?
Alpha and Beta
27
What is frequency?
rate of rise and fall of electromagnetic photon and is measured in unit Hertz (hz)
28
Every X-Ray, regardless of kV, travels at what speed?
3 x 10^8 meters/second (186,000 miles per second)
29
Difference between X-rays and Gamma Rays?
Source of origin - X-ray from ionization - Gamma from nucleus decay
30
Wavelength, Frequency, Energy relationships Direct or Inversely proprotional
Wavelength and Frequency- Inversely proportional ^*(most important and likely to show up)* Wavelength and Energy- Inversely proportional Frequency and Energy- Directly proportional
31
mAs
- Controls patient dose | - Quantity
32
kVp
- Controls quality | - Energy of X-Ray
33
The intensity shows up only under inverse square law questions, not direct
The intensity shows up only under inverse square law questions, not direct
34
What is the formula for inverse square law?
``` Intensity 1 (SID 2)^2 -------------- = ---------- Intensity 2 (SID 1)^2 ```
35
What is the formula for direct square law?
``` Intensity 1 (SID 1)^2 -------------- = ---------- Intensity 2 (SID 2)^2 ```
36
What effects the half-value-layer (HVL)?
kVp and filtration
37
What is the half-value-layer (HVL)?
amount of material necessary to reduce the intensity to 1/2 of its original value
38
What are the photon interactions with matter?
``` Compton Effect Photoelectric Absorption Coherent (Unmodified scatter, Classical, Thompson) Pair Production Photodisintegration ```
39
What is another name of remnant radiation?
Exit Radiation
40
What interaction with matter is called, partial absorption, contains an incident X-ray photon that interacts with an outer shell, resulting in image contrast and occupational exposure? One incoming electron and two leaving?
Compton Scatter (OUTER SHELL)
41
What interaction with matter involves an incident X-ray photon that interacts with a K-Shell electron, involves absorption of energy, and is the primary source of patient radiation exposure?
Photoelectric Absorption
42
What interaction with matter causes no ionization?
Classical/Unmodified scatter
43
What energy level needs to be known for Pair Production?
1.022 MeV
44
What energy level needs to be known for Photodisintegration?
>10 MeV
45
What is the technologist largest source of occupational exposure?
Compton Scatter
46
At what angle from the patient will the technologist receive the least exposure? (during fluoro)
At a 90 degree angle, or as close to it as possible
47
What is better for the patient, fractionation or protraction?
Fractionation
48
What is linear energy transfer? (LET)
Defines the rate of energy deposited per unit track length through an absorber
49
What is relative biologic effectiveness? (RBE)
Defines the ability of aerobic conditions to enhance the effectiveness of radiation.
50
All of the following are diagnostic imaging exposure energies, except?
Pair Production and Photodisintegration