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Donny QC & Rad BIO > RAD PRO & BIO FINAL > Flashcards

RAD PRO & BIO FINAL Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What type are the radiation measurement units for radiation biology?
What are these units?

A

Systeme international SI
Grays, sieverts, and coulombs*

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2
Q

What is exposure?
What units do we use to measure this?

A

Amount of radiation in the primary beam (x-ray tube output/air) (what’s in the air?)
Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg)

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3
Q

What are the radiation weighting factors?
What are there values?

A

Gamma ray = 1
x-ray= 1
positron= 1
proton= 2
alpha particles= 20

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4
Q

What is effective dose?
What is the main thing that it accounts for?
what is the formula for this?
What is the unit for measuring this?

A

The sum of the equivalent doses for all irradiated tissues
Considers the type of radiation and the sensitivity of the tissues
Absorbed dose x radiation weighting factor x tissue weighting factor
Sieverts

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5
Q

What is absorbed dose?
What is the unit of measurement for this?
Which also equals?

A

Energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object
(What’s the radiation striking patient/healthcare worker)
Gray (Gy)
1 J/kg = 1 Gray

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6
Q

What is dose equivalent?
What is the unit we use for measurement?

A

Absorbed dose x radiation weighting factor
(What type of radiation is hitting us)
Sievert (SV)

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7
Q

What are these tissue weighting factor for these?
Gonads:
Red bone marrow:
Colon:
Liver (organs):
Skin:

A

0.20
0.12
0.12
0.05
0.01

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8
Q

What is Air KERMA?
What does this stand for?
What is the unit of measurement for this?

A

Kinetic energy of the air in the primary beam
Kinetic energy released in matter
Gray (Gy)

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8
Q

What is the dose area product?
How can this be measured?

A

Takes into account the area being irradiated
DAP meter
(More area radiated, more radiation)
(Increased collimation= less DAP)
(Decreased collimation = more DAP)

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9
Q

For radiation with 24 mGy how much time will need to pass for us to reach 3 mGy with a 6 hour half life?

A

18 hours

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9
Q

What is the integral dose?
What is an example of this?

A

sum of a all-absorbed doses in an exam
L-spine (AP + LAT + OBL)

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10
Q

What is half-life?
Specific to:

A

Time required for radioactivity to reduce to half its original measurement
Isotope and constant

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11
Q

If we have 12 mGy with a 6 hour half life, how much time will it take for the radiation to get to 6 mGy?
For 3 mGy?

A

6 hours
12 hours

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12
Q

What is the annual limit for natural radiation? Where does this radiation originate from?
What is the limit for manmade?

A

3 mSv & radon gas which is highest in tightly sealed structures such as granite/marble
3 mSv

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13
Q

What is an OSL or OSLD?
How is it released?

A

Optically stimulated luminescent dose (dosimeter)
released by light

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14
Q

What is a TLD?
How is it released?

A

Thermoluminescent dose (dosimeter)
By heat

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15
Q

What is a film badge?
What is the purpose of this?

A

A dosimeter with a small piece of film/ foil filter
For determining the type of radiation
(Ex: alpha particles)

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16
Q

What is a pocket or ion chamber?
What is an example of this?

A

Real-time dose readings using anode pin or plate
Pen or Geiger counters/ AEC (not for general use)

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17
Q

What is the occupational dose limit?
Where do we see most of this at?

A

50 mSv
Fluoroscopy

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18
Q

What is the radiation limit for the public?

A

1 mSv

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18
Q

What is the limit for the fetus?

A

0.5 mSv/month

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18
Q

What does high LET mean?
What is an example of this?

A

More concentrated which means more harmful to tissue
(like alpha particles)

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19
Q

what is the dose limit for the lens of the eye?

A

150 mSv

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20
Q

what is the radiation dose limit for everything else?

A

500 mSv

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21
what does LET stand for? what is it?
linear energy transfers Amount of energy deposited in tissue per radiations travel (How much energy is given off into the tissue)
21
What is an example of low LET? What is an example of high LET?
Gamma ray (lowest) & x-ray (2nd lowest) Alpha particles
22
Which has the lowest LET, x-ray or gamma ray?
Gamma ray
23
What does RBE stand for? What does it do?
Relative biological effectiveness Compares different types of radiation
23
what does LD x/y stand for?
LD= lethal dose x= percentage of population y== number of days it is measured (how much lethal dose and how many days it will take to kill the population, LD 50/30)
24
what are the orders for cell phases?
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
24
If one type of radiation can cause the same effect as the other with a lower amount (quantity) this type has?
A higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE)
25
what is radiation response curves? What are the types of these?
Graph (ic) representation of the biological response to increasing doses of ionizing radiation Linear or non-linear/ threshold or non threshold-hold
26
what is dose response?
linear non-threshold assumes that any dose of radiation can cause damage most late effects follow this dose response
27
what is the most radiosensitive phase of a cell?
mitosis (division)
28
what is Dose rate? what happens to effect if dose rate goes up?
how quickly a dose is delivered dose rate goes up, effect increases
28
what is protraction? if protraction goes up, what happens to effect?
how slowly a dose is delivered protraction increases, effect decreases
29
what is the most radioresistant cell phase?
mid to late S phase (DNA replication)
30
what is interphase cell death?
several hundred Gray can kill a cell before it can divide
31
what is the law of Bergonie & Tribondeau? Like?
cells are more sensitive if they are more primitive & prolific (lymphocytes)
32
what are stochastic effects? what type of effects?
randomly occurring biological effects of radiation non-threshold can happen in radiology (unlikely) probability increases with dose late effect (cancer/ genetic abnormalities)
32
what are somatic effects? what two ways can this be measured in?
systemic effects of radiation to an individual deterministic & stochastic
33
what is deterministic?
biological effects that can be directly related to the dose received threshold dose occurs after a large dose of radiation can occur in fluroscopy
34
what is fractionation? what happens to effect if fractionation increases?
delivering dose in discrete portions with a recovery period in between fractionation increases effect deceases (90% repairable)
35
what are deterministic early effects? later effects?
Erythema (2Gy), epilation, infertility (hours/days/weeks 90% repairable) cataracts, temporary sterility (100 mSv)
36
what are teratogenic effects? What are the by products of this?
occurs en-utero to a developing embryo or fetus Congenital abnormalities, skeletal defects, & leukemia
37
skeletal defects result during exposure at:
3rd week of gestation
37
Leukemia results from exposure during:
mid-to late fetal growth
37
Congenital abnormalities are likely caused by:
radiation (exposure) at 2-8 weeks
38
A ___ ____ embryo is ____ ____more sensitive to radiation than an adult
10-day 10 times
38
Leukemia results from exposure during ___
mid-to late fetal growth
39
how much of the skin exposure of the mother does the fetus receive?
1/3 (for abdomen)
40
how much of the mothers skin dose does a fetus receive on an abdomen x-ray?
1/3
41
how many pairs of chromosomes are there?
23 pairs
41
Genetic code consists of what?
a sequence of nitrogenous bases found in the DNA
42
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is attached to a specific ___
amino acid
42
what is target theory?
certain molecules are critical to the survival of a cell
43
what is direct effects? Example?
x-ray photon deactivates a target molecule (x-ray photon directly damages a key gene of a chromosome) (deactivation of a target molecule from an x-ray photon)
44
what is a free radical?
any uncharged atom with a single unpaired electron in its outermost shell
45
what is indirect effect? What is most affected?
radiation ionizes water which in turn deactivates a target molecule most damage caused by this effect (cytoplasm of the cell)
46
what is acute radiation syndrome?
"radiation sickness" occurs after large doses of radiation over a short period of time
46
What are the 4 stages of acute radiation syndrome?
prodromal latent manifest illness death
47
Prodromal: side effects?
ARS within hours nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, & fatigue
48
what is the oxygen effect? What kind of hits?
tissue is more sensitive to radiation when irradiated in an oxygen rich environment (indirect hits)
49
what can be the end result of hydrolysis (radiation) of water?
hydrogen peroxide
50
what are the 3 main symptoms/syndromes?
hematopoietic gastrointestinal cerebrovascular
51
death:
instant or in some cases recovery with long-term effects/damage
52
manifest illness:
less than 1 week syndrome effects
52
Latent: symptoms?
1 week no symptoms, false sense of recovery
53
Hematopoietic syndrome: range? death? effects? who suffered early on?
1-10Gy death in 6-8 weeks decreased blood cells in bone marrow & body is susceptible to organ failure/infection early radiologists suffered from leukemia
53
what are the gastrointestinal syndromes:
6-10 Gy death in 4-10 days damage to epithelial cells that line the GI tract (inability to absorb nutrients) dehydration & severe diarrhea
54
what is the cerebrovascular syndrome? range? death? effects?
50Gy+ death in hours to 3 days fluid leaks into brain and intracranial pressure + central nervous system failure
54
what does LET stand for? what is it?
linear energy transfer the amount of energy deposited by radiation into a material per unit path or length
55
what is high LET? high LET= Example?
is low penetration (alpha particles) & high RBE Alpha particles
56
what kind of LET has high penetration?
low LET (Gamma & x-ray's)
57
low LET is associated with:
single strand DNA breaks
58
linear energy transfer of x-ray is low due to ___ ____
high penetration
59
High LET= Low LET=
low penetration (alpha particles) high penetration (gamma & x-ray)
60
where does the greatest radiation exposure come from?
the greatest field size (no collimation)
61
what is DAP? how do we find this?
dose area product dose x collimated field
62
what is the human doubling dose? what is the range?
radiation dose required to double the number of spontaneous genetic mutations in a given population of cells 0.5 - 2.5 Gy

Donny QC & Rad BIO (6 decks)

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