Radiation

Question 1

where does most exposure come from?

Answer 1

Natural sources, radon

Question 2

when were X-rays discovered and by whom?

Answer 2

Roentgen in 1895

Question 3

who discovered that uranium salts emit ionising radiation?

Answer 3

Becquerel in 1896

Question 4

what cells are more sensitive to ionising radiation

Answer 4

undifferentiated cells

Question 5

what tissues are more sensitive to ionising radiation

Answer 5

young tissues

Question 6

Are tissues/cells with higher or lower metabolic activity more sensitive to ionising radiation?

Answer 6

higher

Question 7

are cells that divide faster more sensitive to ionising radiation?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

who showed that ionising radiation was mutagenic

Answer 8

Muller

Question 9

when was it discovered that radiation could cause hydrolysis of water and generation of free radicals

Answer 9

1940s

Question 10

what was the result of Chernobyl

Answer 10

Increase in cases of thyroid cancer

Question 11

what area was first to be struck by a nuclear strike

Answer 11

hisoshima

Question 12

how do we gather information of the effects of health risk of ionising radiation

Answer 12

survivors

Question 13

what four ways can we gather info on effects of ionising radiation

Answer 13

survivors
medical exposure
ionising exposure
environmental exposure

Question 14

in what country is there high enivronmental exposure to radiation

Answer 14

Ramsar, Iran

Question 15

why dont people develop cancer early in their lives

Answer 15

presence of antioxidants

Question 16

what does 1 gray stand for

Answer 16

1 joule of energy absorbed per kg of tissue

Question 17

define linear energy transfer

Answer 17

the rate of transfer to a tissue

Question 18

characteristics of molecules with high energy transfer

Answer 18

1. interact with water very quickly
2. deposit energy very quickly over short track
3. intense

Question 19

which radiation has a low energy transfer

Answer 19

X-rays and gamma rays

Question 20

characteristics of molecules with low energy transfer

Answer 20

1. less likely to interact with water

2. can go through cells without depositing any energy

Question 21

How to work out Sievert

Answer 21

1 Grey x waiting factor

Question 22

two categories of ionising radiation

Answer 22

1. deterministic

2. stochasitc

Question 23

three examples of deterministic radiation

Answer 23

1. radiation sickness
2. damage to skin
3. cataracts

Question 24

how does deterministic differ from stochastic

Answer 24

With deterministic as dose increases so does the severity and frequency. Whilst with stochastic severity dose not increase with dose

Question 25

example of stochastic

Answer 25

genetic damage and cancer

Question 26

what four areas does acute exposure to radiation have an effect on ?

Answer 26

1. skin 2. reproductive system 3. digestive 4. cytogeneic

Question 27

what are the long term effects of radiation exposure? (4|)

Answer 27

1. eyes 2. damage to immune system 3. cancer 4. foetus

Question 28

what are the four most common cancers due to radiation exposure

Answer 28

1. breast 2. thyroid 3. leukemias 4. alimentary tract

Question 29

what did Muller show in 1927 regarding flies

Answer 29

ionizing radiation is mutagenic to flies

Question 30

how does oxygen effect cell killing

Answer 30

it increases it

Question 31

what does exposure to radium-based paints result in

Answer 31

condition similar to 'phossy jaw'

Question 32

how are we exposed to polonium-210

Answer 32

through radioactive decay of radon-222

Question 33

is radiation-induced genetic damage a stochastic or deterministic effect

Answer 33

deterministic

Question 34

is radiation-induced cancer a stochastic or deterministic effect

Answer 34

stochastic

Question 35

do radiation-induced cancer have a lag period

Answer 35

yes, several years

Question 36

what does radiation-induced radiolysis cause

Answer 36

generation of reactive oxygen species

Question 37

what is more likely to cause radiation-induced radiolysis

Answer 37

alpha-particles

Question 38

what does radiation-induced radiolysis of water produce

Answer 38

hydroxyl radicals, 2 which form hydrogen peroxide

Question 39

what does decaying of U-238 produce?

Answer 39

Rd-226

Question 40

what does Rn-222 emit

Answer 40

LET radiation

Question 41

where in England is exposure to Rn-222 highest

Answer 41

Cornwall and Devon

Question 42

what does Radon-222 increase risk of

Answer 42

lung cancer

Question 43

what two things increase the risk of bone cancer

Answer 43

stronium-90 and Caesium-137

Question 44

what increases the risk of thyroid cancer

Answer 44

iodine-131

Question 45

what three things does the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau state

Answer 45

1. stem cells more radiosensitive than mature 2. tissues with highest cell turnovers more sensitive 3. adult tissues/organs less sensitive

Question 46

when are children irradiated in utero more likely to have impaired cognitive function

Answer 46

4 to 20 week

Question 47

what can exposure to radiation in utero result in

Answer 47

prenatal death

Question 48

when can childhood leukemi aoccur

Answer 48

from in utero irradiation at any stage in gestation

Question 49

when is incidence of congenital abnormalities most frequent

Answer 49

following exposure during the period of organogenesis

Question 50

what is radon

Answer 50

radioactive gas

Question 51

who is radon hazardous to

Answer 51

uranium miners

Question 52

where is radon most commonly found

Answer 52

underlying rock is granite

Question 53

can you survive doses of 100 gy

Answer 53

no

Question 54

what do doses of 10 to 50 gy do to the GI tract

Answer 54

cause irreversible damage

Question 55

what do doses of 2 to 5 cause

Answer 55

radiation sickness

Question 56

what does 2 to 5 gy effect

Answer 56

haemoatopoietic system