Radiation

Question 0

Tracers

Answer 0

To monitor the functions of parts of the body

Question 1

Application of radioactive in medicine

Answer 1

Tracers
Gamma emitters
Gamma rays

Question 2

Gamma emitters

Answer 2

Swallowed to follow the tracer

Question 3

Gamma rays

Answer 3

Focused beams used to kill cancer cells

Question 4

Application of radioactive in sterilisation

Answer 4

To kill off microorganisms and bacteria on surgical equipment and on foodstuff

Question 5

Radioactive dating

Answer 5

Measuring proportion of C-14 can tell us how long that material has been dead

Question 6

Radioactive decay

Answer 6

Random process
As the decay process proceeds, the rate of decay decreases
Due to the more stable nuclei

Question 7

Background radiation

Answer 7

Earth’s rocks
Cosmic rays
Medical
Nuclear power/ weapons

Question 8

Earth’s rocks

Answer 8

Decay of isotopes of uranium, produces radon and thoron gases

Question 9

Cosmic rays

Answer 9

Stars explode and shower the earth in cosmic rays

Question 10

Medical

Answer 10

Radioactive materials are used in medical treatment

Question 11

Nuclear power/ weapons

Answer 11

The testing of these sometimes leaks from nuclear power stations

Question 12

Detective ionising radiation

Answer 12

Photographic film

Geiger-muller tube

Question 13

Photographic film

Answer 13

Becomes fogged when exposed to ionising radiation

Worn as a badge

Question 14

Geiger-Muller tube

Answer 14

Ionising radiation ionises the gases within the tube
A pulse of current is passed between electrodes
This is fed into a rate metre

Question 15

Atomic mass

Answer 15

Protons + neutrons in nucleus

Question 16

Atomic number

Answer 16

Protons in nucleus

Protons =electrons

Question 17

Alpha charge

Answer 17

+2

Question 18

Alpha construction

Answer 18

Helium nuclei

2 neutrons, 2 protons

Question 19

Alpha range

Answer 19

Short

Question 20

Alpha ionising

Answer 20

Heavily ionising

Question 21

Alpha stopped by

Answer 21

Thin card

Question 22

Beta charge

Answer 22

-1

Question 23

Beta construction

Answer 23

Fast moving electrons

Question 24

Beta ionising

Answer 24

Less ionising

Question 25

Beta travelling distance

Answer 25

Long distances

Question 26

Beta stopped by

Answer 26

Thin aluminium

Question 27

Gamma charge

Answer 27

0

Question 28

Gamma construction

Answer 28

Photons of high energy EM waves | Electromagnetic wave

Question 29

Gamma rays penetrative power

Answer 29

Extremely

Question 30

Gamma ionisation

Answer 30

Interact with other atoms which can then emit ionising radiation

Question 31

Gamma stopped by

Answer 31

Thick lead

Question 32

Nuclear fission

Answer 32

Uranium-235 is fissile (can be easily split)

Question 33

How nuclear fission works

Answer 33

U-235 is struck by a low energy neutron U-235 breaks apart and releases energy in the form of kinetic and gamma ray photons Parent nucleus (U-235) produces two daughter nuclei + many neutrons A chain reaction could start

Question 34

Hazards of radioactivity

Answer 34

Ionising radiation can kill living cells Can mutate cells (malfunction/reproduce uncontrollably) Highly radioactive material with long- half lives Require land, lead and concrete to be stored for many hundreds of years

Question 35

Geiger and marsden

Answer 35

A beam of alpha particles was fired at a gold leaf | A zinc sulphide screen was used as a detector

Question 36

Outcomes of G&M

Answer 36

Most alpha particles passed through Some deflected as they passed through (alpha and gold positive) Some bounced back

Question 37

Conclusion of G&M

Answer 37

Atom is mainly empty space The positive charge is only in a small area Nucleus is a lot smaller than the atom

Question 38

What effected the G&M

Answer 38

Effected by speed of alpha particles, nuclear charge, distance of alpha to nucleus