Radiation Biology and Safety

Question 1

All radiation is harmful and produced __ changes in living tissue

Answer 1

biological

Question 2

An x-ray photon interacts with an atoms’ orbital electron causing the electron to vibrate-guitar string
Energy produced can be emitted as:
Light or heat (harmless)
Break molecular bond and disrupt molecule

Answer 2

Excitation

Question 3

electron is ejected from its shell creating an ion pair. Atom is no longer electrically neutral and becomes chemically reactive as it attempts to find an electron to replace the missing one.- Chemical reaction-biological change

Answer 3

Ionization

Question 4

Effects of radiation on atoms causes ___ of molecules

Answer 4

breaking- broken molecules no longer work the same

• loss of cell function
• Cell death

Question 5

When a xray photon interacts with human tissue there will be either ____ or _____ which lead to chemical changes which is biological change

Answer 5

Excitation or ionization

Question 6

1. Ionizing radiation with a molecule of water is called
2. Ionized water molecules form ___
3. ___ ___ molecules containing upaired electrons and are extremely chemically reactive

Answer 6

1. radiolysis
2. Free radicals
3. Free radicals

Question 7

Is there a higher likelihood of a xray pohton interacting with H2o or a “chemical of life”

Answer 7

H20

Question 8

Human cells contain __ % water and __ % other kinds of molecules “chemical of life”

Answer 8

80 percent

20 percent

Question 9

DNA
RNA
ADP
ATP 
examples of

Answer 9

chemcials of life

Question 10

The physical process leading to damage to the “chemicals of life” are divided into 2 categories

Answer 10

Direct Effects

Indirect Effects

Question 11

Which occurs more frequently the direct effect of radiation or indirect effect

Answer 11

Indirect effect

Question 12

Ionizing radiation deposited in water instead of chemicals of life- absorbed
Free radicals formed by radiolysis of water cause damage to chemicals of life in the cell
Result
Death of molecule
Molecule doesn’t function properly
Occurs more frequently

Answer 12

Indirect Effect

Question 13

Cell damage occurs when ionizing radiation directly hits the chemicals of life within a cell
DNA, RNA, ATP, etc.
Result
Death of molecule
Molecule doesn’t function properly
Occurs infrequently

Answer 13

Direct Effect

Question 14

Time between radiation exposure and observable biologic damage called

Answer 14

latent period

Question 15

When there is a high dose of radiation is there more or less capability to repair damage

Answer 15

less

Question 16

Quantity of radiation received, or amount of radiation energy absorbed

Answer 16

total dose

Question 17

when xray penetrates deeper parts of the body is this a high energy kVp or lower kVp

Answer 17

high kVp

Question 18

Which produces more adverse effects:

a. total body radiation
b. small localized areas

Answer 18

total body

Question 19

__ damage takes place with a high dose rate because rapid delivery doesnt allow for cells to repair

Answer 19

more

Question 20

Are dental x-rays examples of chronic exposures or acute exposures

Answer 20

chronic

Question 21

Tissues are NOT inherited from generation to generation

Somatic or Genetic effects of radiation

Answer 21

somatic

Question 22

Tissues ARE inherited from generation to generation

Answer 22

Genetic

Question 23

Animals exposed to radiation to somatic tissues don’t produce visible changes in tissue until a certain ___ ____.- when change is seen

Answer 23

Threshold Dose

Question 24

Mutations follow a __ ____ or ___ dose response

Answer 24

non-threshold

linear type

Question 25

curve-indicates that below a certain level (threshold), no response is seen.

Answer 25

Threshold curve

Question 26

curve: indicates that the response is proportion to the dose.

Answer 26

Linear

Question 27

Threshold is

Answer 27

somatic tissues

Question 28

Linear is

Answer 28

genetic tissues

Question 29

``` Lens of eye reproductive cells fetus bone marrow thyroid gland skin ```

Answer 29

Critical organs

Question 30

concept that allows comparison of the biologic effect of different types of ionizing radiation

Answer 30

Dose Equivalent

Question 31

Equal doses of different types of radiation produce ___ levels of biologic damage

Answer 31

different

Question 32

Are Gray and Sievert larger or smaller units than old system( R, rad and rem

Answer 32

Larger

Question 33

Gray an Sievert are

Answer 33

New system

Question 34

Roentgen, rad, rem

Answer 34

Old system

Question 35

___mSv: average over five years for radiological personnel (employees in nuclear industry or hospital workers) __ mSv/year: typical background radiation from natural sources in North America

Answer 35

20mSv 3

Question 36

ALARA

Answer 36

as low as reasonably allowable

Question 37

Radiation protection minimum __ kvp most moderan xray machines operate at a ___ kVp or higher

Answer 37

60kVp | 70kVp

Question 38

Maximum _ cm diamater with Round Cone

Answer 38

7cm

Question 39

Reduces patient radiation risk by __ % using rectangular

Answer 39

50 %

Question 40

operator should be __ feet away from primary beam and ___ - ___ from direction of beam

Answer 40

6 feet away | 90-135 degrees

Question 41

MPD for radiation workers a year to whole body

Answer 41

50mSv

Question 42

MPD for general public

Answer 42

5 mSv to whole body | pregnant operator falls under this category