radiation biology part 2

Question 1

acute radiation syndrome

Answer 1

somatic short term deterministic effects

Question 2

genetic effects short term deterministic effects

Answer 2

sterility

Question 3

stochastic effects

Answer 3

still being determined

Question 4

collection of signs and symptoms following acute whole-body radiation exposure
-info from animal experiments, patient therapeutic radiation exposures, atomic bombing and radiation accidents

Answer 4

acute radiation syndrome

Question 5

sub lethal exposure of acute radiation syndrome

Answer 5

<2 G7 (200 Rads)

Question 6

lethal exposure of acute radiation syndrome

Answer 6

~2-8 Gys (~200 to 800 Rads)

Question 7

supralethal exposures of acute radiation

Answer 7

> 8 Gys (800 Rads)

Question 8

higher dose, shorter latent period and

Answer 8

rapid onset of severe symptoms

Question 9

acute radiation syndrome
1. prodromal period:
2. hematopoietic syndrome:
3. gastrointestinal syndrome:
4. central nervous system and cardiovascular syndrome (CNS/CNS syndrome):

Answer 9

1. prodromal period: <200 R; <2 Gy
2. hematopoietic syndrome: 200-1,000R; 2-10 Gy
3. gastrointestinal syndrome:
   1,000-10,000R; 10-100 Gy
4. central nervous system and cardiovascular syndrome (CNS/CNS syndrome):
   >10,000R; >100 Gy

Question 10

this is <2Gy (<200 Rads) and is a sub-lethal exposure

Answer 10

prodormal syndrome

Question 11

shortly after exposure to whole-body radiation, an individual may develop
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
anorexia
causes general malaise, fatigue, drowsiness and listlessness

Answer 11

prodormal syndrome

Question 12

acute radiation syndrome lethal exposure range

Answer 12

~2-8 Gys
(~200 to 800 Rads)

Question 13

acute radiation syndrome supralethal exposure
-short latent period and rapid onset on severe symptoms

Answer 13

> 8 Gys (>800 Rads)

Question 14

irreversible injury to the proliferative capacity of the spleen and bone marrow with loss of circulating peripheral blood cells

Answer 14

hemopoietic syndrome

Question 15

-infection from the lymphopenia and granulocytopenia
-hemorrhage from thrombocytopenia
-anemia from the erythrocytopenia
-death within 10-30 days

Answer 15

hemopoietic syndrome

Question 16

-extensive damage to the GI system (in addition to the hemopoietic system)
-There is extensive injury to the rapidly proliferating basal epithelial cells of the intestinal villi which leads to atrophy and
ulceration.

Answer 16

gastrointestinal syndrome

Question 17

-loss of plasma and electrolytes
-hemorrhage and ulceration
-diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss
-Infection
-Death in 3 - 5 days

Answer 17

gastrointestinal syndrome

Question 18

-radiation induced damage to neurons and fine vasculature of brain

-intermittent stupor, incoordination, disorientation, and convulsions from extensive CNS damage

-irreversible damage with death in a few minutes to 48 hours.

Answer 18

cardiovascular and central nervous system syndrome

Question 19

Combined surgical, radiation and chemotherapy
often provides the optimum treatment

Answer 19

radiation treatment to the oral cavity

Question 20

Oral tissues are subjected to ____ doses of radiation during the treatment of malignant
tumors of the soft palate, tonsils, floor of the mouth, nasopharynx, and hypopharynx

(radiation treatments to the oral cavity)

Answer 20

high

Question 21

Total radiation doses to treat malignant tumors ranges from= ______Rads or ____Gy

Answer 21

6,000-8,000 Rads or 60-80 Gy

Question 22

dose for solid tumors=

Answer 22

60-80 Gy

Question 23

dose for lymphomas

Answer 23

20-40 Gy

Question 24

dose for intraoral cancer

Answer 24

50 Gy

Question 25

1Gy= ____uSv

Answer 25

1 million

Question 26

single intraoral: ___uSv FMX (20 images: ___uSv panoramic radiograph: ___uSv

Answer 26

1.3 35 9

Question 27

which provides greater tumor destruction? 1. fractionation of the total dose into multiple small doses or 2. single large dose

Answer 27

1. fractionation of the total dose into multiple small doses

Question 28

this increases cellular repair of the normal tissues

Answer 28

fractionation

Question 29

radiation effects on the oral cavity mucosa taste buds salivary glands teeth bone muscle

Answer 29

mucosa: - mucositis - 20 infections taste buds: -loss of taste salivary glands: -xerostomia teeth: -radiation caries bone: -osteoradionecrosis muscle: -fibrosis

Question 30

recovery of taste sensitivity will occur in _______following treatment

Answer 30

2-4 months

Question 31

Epithelial atrophy, xerostomia and mucositis all result in loss of taste (hypoguesia) by the

Answer 31

taste buds hypoguesia by 2nd-3rd week of treatment

Question 32

salivary glands:

Answer 32

There is marked and progressive loss of salivary secretion

Question 33

____ are very resistant to the direct effects of radiation exposure

Answer 33

adult teeth radiation does not increase the solubility of teeth

Question 34

There is no discernible effect on the crystalline structure of enamel, dentin, or cementum T/F

Answer 34

true

Question 35

When teeth are irradiated during the developmental stage, their growth may be: If the radiation precedes calcification, the tooth bud may: Irradiation after initiation of calcification, teeth may demonstrate ______ and arresting general growth

Answer 35

severely retarded may be destroyed malformations

Question 36

Generally, if some portion of the salivary gland has been spared, the dryness of the mouth subsides in However, xerostomia may persist without any significant return of salivation

Answer 36

6 months to year

Question 37

______ are often exposed unavoidably to radiation during treatment for carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Answer 37

Major salivary glands

Question 38

_____________(especially of the parotid glands) are very sensitive to X-rays and are replaced by fibrosis and adiposis with parenchymal degeneration and loss of fine vasculature

Answer 38

parenchymal cells

Question 39

The ________ makes the mouth dry (xerostomia) and tender. Swallowing is difficult and painful

Answer 39

scanty saliva

Question 40

The residual saliva has a ___pH which is _____ enough to inititate decalcification of enamel

Answer 40

lowered pH (from 6.5 to 5.5) acidic enough

Question 41

buffering capacity of saliva is reduced from

Answer 41

40-45%

Question 42

Children may show defects in the permanent dentition, such as retarded root development, dwarfed teeth, or failure to form one or more teeth. dose as low as _____at the age of 5 months has been reported to cause hypoplasia of enamel

Answer 42

200R

Question 43

Although irradiation may retard or abort tooth formation, the eruptive mechanism is much more _______ * Irradiated teeth with altered root formation will ______

Answer 43

radiation resistant still erupt

Question 44

A rampant form of decay that may affect individuals who received a course of radiation therapy that include exposure of the salivary glands

Answer 44

radiation caries

Question 45

The primary damage to bone is from irradiation to – fine vasculature – marrow – affecting vascular and hemopoietic elements.

Answer 45

bone Osteoradionecrosis

Question 46

in bone osteoradionecrosis, primary damage to bone is from irradiation to

Answer 46

1. fine vasculature 2. marrow – affecting vascular and hemopoietic elements

Question 47

inflammation and fibrosis – results in contracture and trismus in the muscles

Answer 47

musculature radiation effects in oral tissues