Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Anes II > Radiation & Laser Safety > Flashcards

Radiation & Laser Safety Flashcards

1
Q

Type of radiation that only travels through substances, not air

A

mechanical radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which type of radiation contains electrons only? What is an example?

A

Cosmic radiation (travels almost at the speed of light)
ex: suns UV rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

radiation produced by the motion of atoms

A

electromagnetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

radiation that is harmful only due to heat energy it produces, can’t knock electrons off atoms, & doesn’t break molecular bonds?

A

non-ionzing radiation (radio waves, microwaves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

radiation that breaks & mutates DNA & sperm or egg cells, risks can be additive, knocks electrons off atoms:

A

IONIZING radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Similar to visible light rays: both are magnetic and carried by particles called photons

A

X-RAYS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Difference in energy level is correlated with the:

A

WAVELENGTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Wavelength is measured in:

A

nanometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

As the wavelength becomes smaller (shorter), the energy level _______

A

INCREASES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

As the wavelength becomes larger (longer), the energy level _______

A

DECREASES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is light emitted?

A

movement of electrons from high energy level + releases energy + then falls back down to original orbit = photon (light)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_____ atoms are less likely to absorb xray photons, making xray appear more gray (less bright white).

A

SMALL atoms (ex: soft tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_____ atoms are more likely to absorb photons = brighter light

A

LARGE atoms (ex: bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

filament in center of xray machine that gets heated by the current allowing electrons to fly off of filament and jump to a higher orbital level and release energy

A

CATHODE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

made of tungsten within the xray tube that is positively charged and attracts electrons and releases photons

A

ANODE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what creates the film/picture we see on the xray cassette

A

chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some examples of diagnostic xrays?

A

radiography
mammography
CT (computed tomography)
fluoroscopy (live images)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

uses radiation therapy for cancer at much higher dosages and causes damage to cancer cell DNA

A

therapeutic medical Xray (radiation therapy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the top 5 most common side effects of radiation therapy?

A

Fatigue
Hair loss
Skin changes
Diarrhea
N/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the most common side effect from radiation therapy to the brain, pelvis, or abdomen?

A

N/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What 3 regions receiving radiation therapy would cause urinary changes?

A

pelvis
rectum
abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which body region receiving radiation therapy would cause SOB side effects?

A

CHEST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Annual allowable xray dose for whole body?

A

Whole body = 5,000 mrem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Annual allowable xray dose for extremities?

A

extremities = 50,000 mrem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Annual allowable xray dose for lens of eye?

A

eyes = 15,000 mrem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Annual allowable xray dose for pregnancy?

A

preggo = 500 mrem (after organogenesis has taken place ~ > 1st trimester)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

1 mrem (millirem) =

A

1/1000 of a REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

REM & RAD used interchangeably and is the:

A

radiation dose x a weighting factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CXRAY mrem?

A

5-10 mrem

30
Q

coronary angiogram mrem?

A

1,500 mrem

31
Q

angioplasty mrem?

A

5,700 mrem

32
Q

CT mrem?

A

5,000 mrem

33
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect scatter?

A

collimation
object thickness
air gap

34
Q

The thicker the object/patient = wider collimation = _____ scatter.

A

MORE

35
Q

the thinner the object/patient = narrower collimation = _____ scatter.

A

LESS

36
Q

Fetal doses less than ________ mrem unlikely to cause effects (after 20 wks)

A

10,000 mrem

37
Q

What does ALARA stand for? This takes into consideration 3 ways to protect yourself and patient from radiation?

A

As low as reasonably achievable
TIME
DISTANCE
SHIELDING

38
Q

If you DOUBLE the distance from the xray beam, you cut the exposure rate by _____.

A

1/4th
(2 ft to 4ft might change exposure from 20 mrem to 5 mrem)

39
Q

You’ll essentially have 0 exposure if you are more than ____ ft away from patient/xray.

A

6 ft

40
Q

Magnetic field used to orient nuclei of hydrogen molecules to north-south poles and as radio waves pulse on/off it will change the polarity/orientation which radiates energy & creates an image.

A

MRI = magnetic resonance imaging

41
Q

Different tissues have various densities of ________

A

hydrogen nuclei + different chemical/physical properties

42
Q

What kind of MRI view is this:
- magnetic vector relaxes
- better view of normal anatomy
- fat appears bright
- water appears dark

A

T1 contrast/view

43
Q

What kind of MRI view is this:
- axial spin relaxes (changes orientation of hydrogen molecules)
- better view of pathology (identifies tissue edema easily)
- fat is darker
- water is brighter

A

T2 contrast/view

44
Q

Contrast medium that alters the magnetic properties of nearby water molecules which enhances the quality of MRI and can see pathology better

A

Gadolinium

45
Q

With normal GFR, how fast will gadolinium clear

A

24 hrs – may increase IVF if needed to flush out contrast

46
Q

What are some mild side effects of gadolinium?

A

itching, rash, abnormal skin sensations (give benadryl)

47
Q

what is the MRI acoustic level?

A

125 dB (as loud as a chainsaw) = pt and provider need hearing protection

48
Q

Radiofrequency energy causes:

A

tissue/device heating

49
Q

Electromagnetic interference can cause:

A

ECG artifact

50
Q

Which vaporizer is MRI safe?

A

SEVO

51
Q

What issues may arise with patient positioning in the MRI?

A

brachial plexus injuries (if arms over head too long with abdominal scans)
airway may be inaccessible (head/neck scans)

52
Q

If you walk around the MRI machine too fast, what can happen?

A

dizziness, HA, light flashes, nausea

53
Q

Devices that are safe for MRI?

A

heart valves
endovascular and biliary stents (imbedded after 8 wks)
coronary stents (immediately)
vascular ports, IVC filters
orthopedic implants/screws/rods (titanium safe)

54
Q

These 3 things are usually not safe (newer ones becoming MRI safe):

A

PPM
AICDs
Implanted insulin pumps

55
Q

What dose LASER stand for?

A

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

56
Q

What kind of wavelength does a LASER have?

A

a very specific narrow wavelength with high-intensity precision

57
Q

Uses of LASER:

A

cosmetic surgeries
dental procedures
eye surgery (LASIX)
general surgery (condyloma, TURP)
ENT procedures (sinuses, tracheal tumor, vocal cord polyp)

58
Q

Radiation production in LASER is the same as:

A

Xrays (photons produced and emitted as electrons jump from different orbitals creating electromagnetic radiation)

59
Q

What are the 3 properties of laser radiation?

A

Monochromatic = all the photons in the laser beam are the same wavelength (one color)

coherence = no scatter, synchronized photon travel

collimation = laser beam photons nearly parallel/focused/precise beam

60
Q

Advantages of LASER:

A

precision, good hemostasis, rapid healing, less scarring, less postop edema/pain, lower infection rates

61
Q

Lasing medium with modest tissue penetration (0.05-2 mm) that is used alot in dermatology on skin/subQ tissue:

A

ARGON LASER

62
Q

Lasing medium with minimal scatter, is absorbed by water & disperses little heat so surround tissue damage is neglible, great for vocal cords/oropharynx procedures:

A

CARBON DIOXIDE LASER

63
Q

most powerful laser that has deeper tissue penetration (2-6 mm) used alot for tumor debulking (prostate/bladder tumors…)

A

Nd:YAG LASER

64
Q

The 2 main hazards of lasers:

A

Atmospheric contamination (condyloma vaporizes into air and now you got yuck mouth lol)
Airway fire

65
Q

Fine particulates produced d/t vaporization of tissue from laser atmospheric contamination

A

LASER PLUME

66
Q

Symptom noted when laser plume/atmospheric contamination occurs from laser?

A

HA & nausea after inhalation
could cause – interstitial pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema
could be carcinogenic if its a malignant tumor being laser

67
Q

What are the 3 components of the fire triad?

A

IGNITION (laser)
FUEL (drapes, NC, gauze, etc…)
OXIDIZER (oxygen)

68
Q

Airway fire safety prevention:

A

laser-resistant ETTs
low FiO2 (21%/RA) if possible
wet pledgets around ETT to keep area cool
methylene blue in the ETT cuff for a visual if laser cuts through cuff
use scissors to cut into trachea instead of bovie
Remove ETT during lasering and reinsert ETT prn sats

69
Q

LASER Anesthesia plan:

A

airway eval preop (may need fiberoptic intubation)
mutual planning with surgeon
TIVA (propofol, remifentanil, xylocaine spray)
methylene blue in cuff
saline gauze to protect airway/face
short repeated pulses of laser
O2 < 30%
AVOID NITROUS

70
Q
A

Principles of Anes II (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions