Radicalissm, War Apporach And The Scottish Wars Flashcards
(33 cards)
William Laud’s 1638 Letterf
-William Laud wrote to Thomas Wentworth expressing concerns about the “Scottish business,” as well as the situation in england
- he was fearing vast evils and potential conflicts,
- prolepsised ‘no cure without a miracle’
-: This letter relates to the outbreak of religious conflict in Scotland in 1637.
Scottish prayer book uprising
-conflict began when Dean of St Giles’ Cathedral, Edinburgh tried to use the new Scottish Prayer Book in July 1637.
-Protestors, including Janet Geddes (legendary cabbage seller), threw objects at the preacher, protesting the Prayer Book,
-called it a “Popish” practice
Religious radicalism in the 1630s
-Religious radicalism emerges, with a shift from Puritanism, focusing on individual connections to God and public activism for tolerance and reform.
-Between 1640-1660, sects like Quakers, Seekers, Ranters, and Muggletonians arose.
- Radical leaders, like Richard Overton, were typically university-educated men who questioned traditional religious practices.
Problems faced by conformist churches in the 30s ((laudians and puritans)
-Archbishop Laud’s enforcement of conformity (especially Arminian practices) led to Puritans emigrating and attacking Laud in print.
-By late 1630s, Puritans and other dissenters began forming Independent congregations outside the Anglican Church, huge increase by the 40s
Growth of independent communities of faith
-William Wroth founded the first Independent church in Wales (Llanvaches) in 1639.
-Wroth’s church structure was inspired by New England’s Congregational churches
- it was rejecting Anglican oversight and emphasizing direct communication with God.
Scottish response to prayer book (1637)
-Opposition to the new Prayer Book was widespread;
-priests carried pistols to church in anticipation of violence.
-Widespread riots broke out, including significant involvement of women in protests in Glasgow.
-Rioters tore apart Bishop Annan’s clothing during a protest, highlighting the intense resistance.
-Scottish privy council abandoned Edinburgh in October
National covenant 1638
-Scots signed a pledge to resist the imposition of Laudian reforms and the new Prayer Book
-. The Covenant drew on Scotland’s tradition of collective resistance and involved hundreds of thousands of Covenanters
Charles on backing down to Covenanter demands
‘I would rather die than yield to these damnable demands’
-Charles I refused to compromise, escalating tensions into military conflict, in feb 38 he made protestation illegal
Bishops warbeginning
- Charles allowed a Scottish assembly in nov 1638 which voted to abolish episcopacy and abolish prayer book.
-By April 1639 war had begun
Mobilisation of Covenanters
-The Covenanters raised an army quickly, drawing on support from Protestant Europe for weapons and funds.
-General Alexander Leslie, a veteran of the Thirty Years’ War, led the Covenanter army.
Mobilisation of the kings army
-Charles I’s forces struggled to mobilize quickly due to patchy support, low morale, and financial difficulties.
-Attempts to raise troops from Catholic areas were poorly received
- these attempts reinforced Protestant suspicions.
-Charles’ forces were poorly disciplined and experienced issues with non-compliance from local militias.
Covenanter strategy
-Around 12,000 men under Leslie were well-disciplined and led by professionals.
-The Covenanters had strong political support from the Scottish nobility.
Kings army
-Around 15,000 men, but Charles’ army suffered from poor morale and disorganization.
-Charles struggled to fund the war, with many soldiers deserting due to unpaid wages.
Charlesscottish stratergy
-Plan to use naval forces and Irish troops to bolster his forces, but faced logistical and political challenges.
-Failure to adequately prepare the English army led to Charles’s defeat in negotiations.
-Charles I, with an ill-prepared army, failed to intimidate the Scots into submission.
Pacificationof berwick
- 18 june 1639
-Both sides agreed to disband armies and hold peace negotiations.
-Charles agreed to recall the Scottish General Assembly and Parliament.
Option post pacification: Strengthen His Circle of Advisers
-Detail: Thomas Wentworth recalled from Ireland in September 1639 and elevated to Earl of Strafford.
-Impact: Irish order unraveled; Irish Protestants offered help to the Covenanters.
-Strafford advised Charles to remain strong and unyielding.
Option: Rethink Scottish Policy
-: Charles could abandon his Scottish policy, remodel the Scottish Privy Council, and allow Scottish governing bodies to work traditionally.
-Impact: Not attempted. Charles believed he should not yield to the rebels.
Option: Raise Money for Military Campaign
-Detail: Call English Parliament for a subsidy and raise funds for a full military campaign. I
-Impact: Parliament recalled in 1640, started conciliatory but dissolved after three weeks.
Option: Negotiate with European Powers
-Detail: Negotiate with King Philip IV of Spain and Pope Urban VIII for cash and credit in exchange for concessions to Irish and British Catholics.
-Impact: Little financial aid received due to separate revolts in Catalonia, Portugal, and Italy.
Option: Surrender to Scottish Demands
-Detail: Scotland could continue dismantling royal power and govern itself.
-Impact: Unthinkable for Charles.
Treatyof rippon
-October 1640.
-Agreement between King Charles I and the Covenanters.
- Scottish Army stays in Newcastle and County Durham
- English parliament recalled and not to be dissolved until Scot’s paid
-paid €850/day.
Charles I’s Insincerity after treaty of rippon:
After the Treaty, Charles insisted the compromise was not a precedent, showing reluctance to recall Parliament or respect the Assembly.
Scottish Assembly’s Actionspost bishops wars
-Confirmed decisions of the Glasgow Assembly (1638), including abolishing episcopacy and reducing royal power in Scotland.
