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RT 210 > Radiographic Film > Flashcards

Radiographic Film Flashcards

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1
Q

Is to record and store a permanent anatomical image

A

Film Function

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2
Q

The radiographic image is a ——-

A

negative image

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3
Q

Medical images are most often displayed on a ____

A

viewbox

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4
Q

Layers of Conventional Radiographic Film

A
  1. Base
  2. Adhesive Layer
  3. Emulsion
  4. Protective Layer
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5
Q

Layers of a Dual Emulsion Film

A
  • Protective coating (gelatin)
  • Emulsion (silver halide)
  • Adhesive
  • Flexible base material
  • Adhesive
  • Emulsion (silver halide)
  • Protective coating (gelatin)
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6
Q

used in mammography, some extremity radiography, camera-produced images and laser-produced images

A

Single-emulsion films

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7
Q

made of polyester and gives the film stability, functions to support both emulsions and their protective layers

A

Base

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8
Q

is added to most radiographic film bases to reduce glare and crossover

A

A blue dye

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9
Q

prevents the emulsion from seperating from the base (when the film is immersed in the processing chemicals of an automatic processor, the emulsion swells and contracts)

A

Adhesive (Substratum) Layer

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10
Q

Is the most important part of the radiographic film because it is the recording medium for the diagnostic image

A

Emulsion

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11
Q

The emulsion is composed of ———- and ———- randomly dispersed and suspended in gelatin substance

A
  • silver halide crystals
  • silver iodide
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12
Q

is the most commonly used halide in radiographic film because of its sensitivity to the colors of light emitted from screens and to x-radiation

A

Silver bromide

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13
Q

Modern radiographic film emulsions contain

A

tabular grain (T-grain) silver halide crystals

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14
Q

are superior to the types of crystals used previously in that they are flat and can be more evenly distributed

A

T-grain crystals

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15
Q

T-grain crystals’ improved distribution has eliminated?

which gives the image an undesirable grainy appearance

A

Structure mottle

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16
Q

is the preferred suspending medium for the crystals

A

Gelatin

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17
Q

Gelatin is the preferred suspending medium because ?

A

it swells when placed in the develop solution

the swelling allows chemicals to penetrate

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18
Q

The size and distribution of the silver bromide crystals influences 3 film factors

A

Speed, contrast and Detail

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19
Q

The larger the crystal sizes

A

the faster the film speed

creates density

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20
Q

The distribution of the crystals within the gelatin affects

A

image contrast and structure mottle.

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21
Q

the most common type of film used in
conventional radiography.

A

dual-emulsion or duplitized
film

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22
Q

Light produced in 1 screen will not only expose its adjacent emulsion but also may traverse the film base and expose the opposite emulsion.

A

crossover, or crosstalk.

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23
Q

reduces the distance between the emulsion layers, thereby reducing the divergence of the light.

A

A thin base

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24
Q

When the x-ray tube is angled to project the anatomical
information onto the film, information is recorded on
both emulsions, but not directly superimposed, as it
would be if the x-ray tube were not angled.

A

parallax effect.

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25
Films are classified according to the
spectral sensitivity of their emulsions.
26
Films that are sensitive to all colors
Panchromatic
27
Films that are sensitive to all colors, except red,
orthochromatic
28
also called supercoating. Protect the emulsion from scratches and harmful agents prevents static discharge, and prevents glare when the radiographic image is being viewed.
Protective Layer
29
most commonly used film in medical radiography.
Screen film
30
Most radiographic film is either
blue-sensitive or green- sensitive.
31
is sensitive to blue, violet and ultraviolet light.
Blue-sensitive film
32
is very sensitive to green, blue, violet and ultraviolet light.
Green-sensitive film
33
also called direct-exposure film. No Intensifying Screens are used with this type of film.
Nonscreen Film
34
Nonscreen film is most commonly used for
Industrial radiography and some dental radiography.
35
are single-emulsion & are exposed by different sources of light energy to record medical images.
Special Application Film
36
*One unique characteristic of single-emulsion film is
anti-halation layer
37
is composed of a dye, & prevents light from reflecting back toward the emulsion after it traverse the emulsion and base.
Anti-halation layer
38
a prehardened gelatin layer, is added to the adhesive (substratum) layer on the side adjacent to the base.
anti-curl layer
39
Has only 1 emulsion and is used with single-screen cassettes. Resolution of extremely small breast lesions is of critical importance in early cancer detection.
Mammography Film
40
are used in photographic cameras attached to fluoroscopic image intensifiers. They are directly exposed by reflected light coming from the output phosphor of the image intensifier.
Spot Films
41
propel the film and continuously present unexposed sections (frames) for sequential photographic recording of the fluoroscopic images.
Sprocket teeth
42
It is a roll-type, single-emulsion film with sprocket holes along its edges, constructed and functioning similar to roll-type spot film. is used in cinefluorography, mainly during cardiac catheterization procedures, and in some other angiographic procedures.
Cine Film
43
is a single-emulsion film used in special imaging laser printers.
Laser Film
44
is a single-emulsion film designed to be sensitive to the color of light emitted by most cathode ray tubes (CRT) or television Monitors.
Video Film
45
is a single-emulsion film designed to be sensitive to the color of light emitted by most cathode ray tubes (CRT) or television Monitors.
Video Film
46
Is a single-emulsion and is pre-exposed to a certain intensity of light by the manufacturer.
Duplication Film
47
The additional exposure (in excess of the exposure received from the manufacturer) reverses the response of the duplication film through a process
solarization
48
is a single-emulsion film, designed similar to conventional radiographic film. Used to produce an image that is void of bony structures
Subtraction Film
49
2 subtraction films are required:
* One to record a “mask” * other to record an image of the superimposed original radiograph and mask film.
50
When electromagnetic energy (e.g. x-rays) interacts with radiographic film, a density is produced within the emulsion.
Latent Image Formation
51
exists in the imulsion, which is an invisible representation of the radiographed structures.
latent image
52
The invisible latent image is converted into a ----------- after the film is immersed in the developer chemicals of the processor.
Manifest Image
53
When the developer provides or “loses” its electrons to the metallic silver of the development centers, it is
oxidizes
54
When the metallic silver “gains” these electrons, it is
reduced
55
One method of quantitatively measure a film’s response.
Sensitometry
56
To perform a sensitometric evaluation of a particular film, ----------- must be produced and developed under controlled conditions
sensitometric strip or step-wedge exposure strip
57
**Optical density units** are determined based on a
ratio of the **amount of original light intensity striking the film** (Io) to the **intensity of light transmitted through each step(It).**
58
Once the series of steps on the sensitometric strip is read by a densitometer, the OD units are plotted on a graph.
Sensitometric Curves
59
is a graphical display of the film’s response to exposure and development.
sensitometric curve, characteristic curve, D log E curve or H and D curve
60
3 parts of the sensitometric curve
the toe body (straight-line portion) shoulder.
61
# sensitometric curve lighter density steps
toe
62
# sensitometric curve medium & darker density steps
body & shoulder
63
# sensitometric curve represents the underexposed portions of the radiograph , never begins at 0 density because of the blue dye added to the base & the chemical fog density placed on the film during processing.
Toe
64
The point at which the toe begins slope upward toward the body (straight-line portion) of the curve and signifies the film's first response to exposure
threshold
65
* (straight-line portion) – contains the diagnostically useful densities on a radiograph. * “gamma” or “slope” * Used to determine film contrast
Body
66
upper portion where the straight line ends. Represents the areas of overexposure on a radiograph.
Shoulder
67
The area of the curve extending beyond the shoulder, where an increase in exposure causes the density to decrease.
solarization region
68
# Quantitative Data obtained from Sensitometric Curves reveal several film characterizes, including: speed (sensitivity), contrast & exposure latitude.
Sensitometric curves
69
# Quantitative Data obtained from Sensitometric Curves represents the film’s sensitivity to exposure. A film with high speed is one that exhibits a strong response to exposure.
Film Speed
70
of the curve determines the inherent film contrast.
steepness or slope
71
* The contrast can be qualitatively determined by simply looking at the ------ of the curve. * The steeper the slope, -------------
* steepness * the higher the contrast
72
is the range of exposures that can be used to yield a diagnostically useful range of optical densities on the radiographic image.
Exposure Latitude
73
Films with more -------- allow the radiographer more tolerance for error.
wider exposure latitude
74
An inverse relationship exists between ------------, & a reasonable balance must be achieved regarding ---------
* film latitude and contrast * image quality & the desired amount of exposure latitude.
75
Film should also be stored within a temperature range of ---------- & a relative humidity range of ------------
* 50-70° Fahrenheit * 40-60%
76
Boxes of film should be stored with the ---------- in back, using the -------- first.
* newest placed * oldest film
77
FIFO system
First In, First Out (FIFO)
78
To maintain archival quality, processed radiographs should be stored
under controlled conditions
79
Optimally, they should be stored in a temperature ranging from ------- Fahrenheit & a relative humidity range of -------
* 60-80° Fahrenheit * 30-50%.
79
Optimally, they should be stored in a temperature ranging from ------- Fahrenheit & a relative humidity range of -------
* 60-80° Fahrenheit * 30-50%.
80
Care should be taken to avoid bending an unprocessed film --------- may be produced, particularly when the film is being removed from the cassette.
crinkle marks
81
Film should be slowly removed from the film bin & cassettes to --------
avoid static discharge.

RT 210 (3 decks)

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