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UM - MSK > Radiographs & Other Medical Imaging > Flashcards

Radiographs & Other Medical Imaging Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What do PTs look at x-rays for

A

Body alignment

fracture configuration

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2
Q

X-ray wavelength to energy relationship

A

indirect

shorter wavelength = higher E and greater penetration of dense substances

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3
Q

What is needed to produce a radiograph?

A

X-ray beam source
patient
x ray film/image receptor

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4
Q

T or F: X ray film cassettes have many layers

A

True - as the x-ray passes through it forms the image w/cassette at the bottom

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5
Q

How does the x-ray tube work

A

It is a cathode and anode enclosed in glass envelope to maintain a vacuum w/electrodes driven from cathode to strike the anode to create the x-rays via energy consumption

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6
Q

Define attenuation

A

gradual loss of intensity as a result of passing through a medium (human body)

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7
Q

How is a radiograph made?

A

Current beamed through shutteres through the body to undergo attenuation, it is absorbed by the body and then the x-ray is sensitive to light and radiation and chem rxn occurs causing the image to be produced w/final radiodensity represented

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8
Q

What is radiodensity?

A

The amount of blackening on the radiograph determined by atomic weight and thickness of an object

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9
Q

What is radiolucent?

A

Black on x-ray due to not absorbing much radiation

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10
Q

What is radiopaque?

A

white on x-ray due to absorption of radiation

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11
Q

What is the density of tissues from radiolucent to radiopaque?

A 
Black (radiolucent)
- air
- fat
- water
- soft tissue
- bone
- heavy metals
White (radiopaque)
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12
Q

relationship of thickness and radiodensity

A

more thick = more radiopaque

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13
Q

T or F: Enough info is received from a 2D radiograph

A

FALSE! need to take two projections at 90 deg from eo

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14
Q

What are the main body positions for getting an x-ray?

A

AP (source from top w/cassette underneath person)
Lateral
Oblique

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15
Q

What structures are seen well w/PA approach (x-ray)?

A

The lungs

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16
Q

What structures are seen well w/AP approach(x-ray)?

A

Spinal structures

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17
Q

When do you use a tangential or “sunrise” x-ray?

A

patella view

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18
Q

What is important to know when looking at an x-ray?

A
  • you are the x-ray beam
  • consider anatomy
  • closer to film = more accurate picture
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19
Q

what kind of markers are on an x-ray?

A
  • Pt ID
  • Anatomical Side
  • INT or EXT
  • WB/NWB
  • erect or decubitus (laying)
  • INSP or EXP
  • radiographers initials
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20
Q

What is the general rule for contrast?

A

Use the highest kVp (Energy) and lowest mA (miliamperage) to yield the best diagnostic info necessary for pt intervention

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21
Q

What is the primary controlling factor for detail?

A

Motion!

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22
Q

What factors can blur an x-ray

A
  • MOTION
  • beam source diameter
  • distance b/t source and film
  • distance b/t beam and pt
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23
Q

What is the distortion of radiographs and causes?

A 
30% larger than actual structure and can be enlargement elongation or shortening from:
beam
pt
film
alignment
position of the central ray
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24
Q

What is enlargment

A

Distortion of x-ray bc the beam ray is too wide or the patient is too close

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25
What is elongation/foreshortening
Distortion of x-ray from it being on an incline and not hitting the tissue evenly
26
What is superimposition?
When anatomic structures are stacked the x-ray must penetrate multiple structures which may create artificial lines, shapes, and foms
27
What are the ABCD'S of radiographs?
``` Alignment Bone Density Cartilage Space Disc Space Soft Tissue ```
28
What is the A of ABCD'S (x-ray)
Alignment | - look at general structural arcitecture and contour of bone as well as the alignment of bone relative to adjacent bones
29
What is the B of ABCD'S (x-ray)
Bone Density - general bone density, local bone density changes, and texture abnormalities - more grey = possible fracture
30
What is the C of ABCD's (x-ray)
Cartilage Space - joint space width - subchondral bone - epiphyseal plates - uniform distance
31
What is the D of ABCD's (x-ray)
Disc Space (for vertebrae)
32
What is the S of ABCD'S (x-ray)
Soft Tissue - mm - fat pads - joint capsules - periosteum - other
33
What are contrast-enhanced radiographs?
Medium injected or ingested to improve visualization in areas w/low contrast that can be radiolucent or radiopaque
34
What is the main difference b/t computed radiography and traditional x-ray?
It uses a phosphor imaging plate that stores the radiation level, is scanned in, which is then converted into an electric signal that can be viewed as an image
35
Advantages of CR
- less expensive - no silver-based film (more environmentally safe) - easier to store - faster acquisition - can adjust exposure
36
Disadvantages of CR
- requires handling & can be erased if exposed to fluorescent light - very expensive - geometric sharpness less than conventional - lower resolutoin
37
What is the main difference of Digital Radiography and x-ray
Does not use a processing agent but a digital receptor
38
What are the advantages of DR
- manipulate acquired image to produce alternatives (contrast and brightness) - spatial resolution can be maximized - can use subtraction technique to isolate what you want
39
What are disadvantages of DR
- expose to more x-ray than necessary | - not as affordable as a CR system, higher costs because the existing systems
40
What is tomography?
An x-ray tube and the film move about a fulcrum so that just a specific plane or slice of the body is in focus (where they overlap) w/all else blurred computerized or conventional
41
What are the advantages of tomography?
- can more clearly see fx of irregular shaped bones | - no superimposition and focused on what you want
42
What are the disadvantages of tomography?
- poor soft tissue detail - higher radiation doses - difficult to get exact plane/image esp w/trauma pts
43
What is computed tomography?
A thin x-ray beam rotates around an area of the body to generate a full 3-D image of the internal structures
44
What is CT the first choice for?
Serious trauma as it can view both bone and soft tissue injuries
45
What are limitations of CT?
- average volume effect (computer displays only one shade of grey even tho its multiple tissues) - similar exposure to x-ray - better in thinner pts
46
CT is good for?
- bone and soft tissue tumors - fx (and fragments) - intra-articular abnormalities - degen. changes of bone - mineral analysis - spinal stenosis - less time consuming and more cost effective than an MRI
47
What are the components of fluroscopy?
X-ray tube Image intensifier unit Fluoroscopic carriage
48
What are advantages and disadvantages of fluoroscopy?
Adv: patient is moving, low cost Dis: radiation
49
What are the components of an MRI?
- radiofrequency signals - magnetic field - computer to capture proton energy reaction moving back to realignment
50
What is the principal element used in an MRI?
Hydrogen (has a single proton) that lines up either parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field
51
What is Te in a MRI?
Time to echo: time at which the signal is captured
52
What is Tr in a MRI?
Time to repetition: time at which the RF is repeated which displaces the protons again
53
What contributes to the image creation of an MRI?
Tissue relaxation properties, both T1 and T2 each characterized by the timing of events done during image acquisition
54
What is a T1 image MRI?
Short TR and TE times - Fat = bright - water= dark - bone = dark - early signal - good for anatomy review
55
What is a T2 image MRI?
Long TR and TE times - fat = dark - water = bright - bone = lighter - late signal - good for pathology
56
Advantages of MRI
- no radiation - greater ability to image brain and SC - ST eval of brain and body is superior
57
Disadvantages of MRI
- not as quick to admin as a CT scan - claustrophobia - any ferrous metal can be displaced - contraindicated w/pacemakers
58
Diagnostic Ultrasound
Examines the effect of injury or disease on mm, ligaments, tendons
59
Rehabilitative Ultrasound
Evaluates mm structure and behaviour and uses USI as a biofeedback mechanism that is aimed at improving neuromuscular function
60
Define ultrasound
Sound w/a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz
61
What is the piezoelectric effect?
Transducer collects reflected sound waves (echoes) and converts them back into electric signals
62
How does US work?
It sends out sound waves and converts them into electric signals which are then converted to a digital image based upon the echo strength
63
What is a MSK Diagnostic US
It looks at ligaments, tendons, nerves, mm, tumors, and foreign bodies

UM - MSK (9 decks)

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