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FADIS > Radiography > Flashcards

Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 imaging techniques

A
  1. Radiography
  2. CT scanning
  3. Ultrasound
  4. MRI scanning
  5. Scintigraphy
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2
Q

Radiology is the ______ of radiographs

A

Radiology is the interpretation of radiographs

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3
Q

Radiography is the ______ of radiographs

A

Radiography is the acquisition of radiographs

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4
Q

What are the 4 radiographic processes?

A
  1. X-ray production
  2. X-ray/patient interaction
  3. X-ray detection
  4. Radiograph interpretation
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5
Q

Do X-rays have a shorter or longer wavelength?

A

Short with a high frequency

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6
Q

Muscles appear what colour in an X-ray?

A

Black

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7
Q

What is the half value layer?

A

Thickness at 50% transmission

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8
Q

Name 3 factors that affect the x-ray opacity

A
  1. Thickness of tissue
  2. Beam energy
  3. Chemical feature of tissue
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9
Q

kVp have a large impact on exposure. True/False?

A

True

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10
Q

Using contrast improves ______ interpretation

A

Using contrast improves tissue interpretation

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11
Q

What is an ultrasound?

A

The use of high frequency sound waves to create an image

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12
Q

Ultrasound uses electromagnetic radiation. True/False?

A

False

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13
Q

Ultrasound particles transfer energy through a medium. Do particles move through the medium?

A

No

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14
Q

Why is gel used on the skin when doing an ultrasound?

A

Air between the skin and transducer creates artifacts

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15
Q

Ultrasound excels at soft tissue detection. True/False?

A

True

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16
Q

Fluid is less dense than soft tissue in an ultrasound. True/False?

A

True

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17
Q

What is an acoustic shaddow?

A

An area through which sound waves fail to spread due to an obstruction.

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18
Q

What does CT stand for?

A

Computed tomography

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19
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

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20
Q

What type of electromagnetic radiation does MRI use?

A

Non-ionising

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21
Q

What are MRIs good for imaging?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

What are the 2 levels of CT?

A

Bone level

Window level

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23
Q

MRI uses ____ to align _____ nuclei

A

MRI uses magnets to align hydrogen nuclei

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24
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

Break or splinter of the bone into fragments

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25
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Partial dislocation

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26
Q

Name 2 predisposing factors for arthritis?

A

Osteophytes

Joint conformation

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27
Q

What are osteophytes?

A

Bony projections associated with cartilage degeneration at joints

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28
Q

Bone tumours are usually found in the proximal limb. True/False?

A

True

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29
Q

What are 4 things we assess with an organ?

A

Location
Size
Contour
Opacity

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30
Q

Which imaging modalities are dangerous to be exposed to?

A

CT
Radiography
Nuclear medicine

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31
Q

List the 5 properties of x-rays

A
  1. Travel in straight lines in a wave
  2. Penetrate body tissue
  3. Make certain phosphors fluorescent
  4. Photographic effect
  5. Produce biological changes in the body tissue
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32
Q

What makes an x-ray photographic?

A

They produce a latent image on a flim

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33
Q

What makes objects in x-rays fluorescent?

A

Certain crystalline materials emit light after absorbing x-rays

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34
Q

How are X-rays produced?

A

In an x-ray tube when fast moving electrons are slowed down or stopped

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35
Q

What 3 things are required to produce an x-ray?

A
  1. Source of electrons
  2. Target to stop electrons
  3. Method to accelerate them from source to the target
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36
Q

What are the 3 things inside the x-ray tube?

A
  1. Cathode
  2. Anode
  3. Focal spot
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37
Q

What is the function of the cathode in an x-ray tube?

A

Provide a source of electrons and direct the electrons towards target

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38
Q

The amount of current applied to the filament is measured in _______

A

The amount of current applied to the filament is measured in milliamperes (mA).

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39
Q

What is the purpose of the anode in an x-ray tube?

A

Stop electrons

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40
Q

Name the 2 types of anodes in an x-ray tube

A
  1. Stationary anode

2. Rotating anode

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41
Q

What are 3 advantages of a stationary anode in x-ray tube?

A
  1. Smaller and mobile
  2. Less expensive
  3. Reliable
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42
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of stationary anodes in x-ray tubes?

A
  1. Lower output
  2. Longer exposure times
  3. Movement blur
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43
Q

What are 2 advantages of a rotating anode in an x-ray tube?

A
  1. high output

2. short exposure times

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44
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of a rotating anode in an x-ray tube?

A
  1. more expensive
  2. higher maintenance
  3. specialised installation
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45
Q

What is the focal spot in an x-ray tube anode?

A

Target (part of the anode that is bombarded by electrons)

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46
Q

The _____ the focal spot the _____ the x-ray image

A

The smaller the focal spot the sharper the x-ray image

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47
Q

What is the line focus principle?

A

The way the anode surface is angled to allow for a larger area on the actual focus, and a smaller area on the effective focus.

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48
Q

What does kVp stand for?

A

Kilovoltage

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49
Q

What does kilovoltage refer to in the exposure factors of x-rays?

A

The high voltage used to accelerate electrons from cathode to anode

50
Q

What does mA stand for?

A

Milliamperage

51
Q

What does mA refer to in the exposure factors of x-rays?

A

Controls the intensity/density of the beam

52
Q

Name 3 exposure factors of X-rays

A
  1. Time
  2. Milliamperage (mA)
  3. Kilovoltage (kVp)
53
Q

Bone absorbs less x-rays than soft tissues. True/false?

A

False

54
Q

What is scatter radiation?

A

when the primary beam interacts with the object that it is passing through

55
Q

Scatter radiation is undesirable. True/False?

A

True

56
Q

What are 2 reasons why scatter radiation is undesirable?

A
  1. Harmful to person in the vicinity during X-ray exposure

2. Degrades film quality

57
Q

Scatter increases as ____ increases and with _____ exposure times.

A

Scatter increases as kVp increases and with longer exposure times

58
Q

What are 2 ways to reduce scatter in an x-ray?

A
  1. Use the appropriate kVp setting

2. Cone down the primary beam to the area of interest only

59
Q

What are the 5 degrees of radiopacity?

A

Black (air), dark (fat), dark grey (water), grey (bone), white (metal)

60
Q

What is DDR

A

Direct digital radiography

61
Q

What is CR?

A

Computerised radiography

62
Q

What is fluroscopy?

A

Uses an image intensifier of an x-ray detector to capture a radiographic image

63
Q

What is fluoroscopy used for imaging?

A

GI tract

64
Q

What does DICOM stand for?

A

Digital imaging and communications in medicine

65
Q

What is DICOM?

A

Global standard for transmission of images

66
Q

What does PACs stand for?

A

Picture archiving and communications system

67
Q

Name the 3 factors that affect detail of the radiographic image

A
  1. Focal spot size
  2. Focus to film distance/source to image distance
  3. Object to film distance
68
Q

What is radiographic contrast?

A

The measurable distance between two adjacent densities

69
Q

What is radiographic density?

A

The degree of blackening on a film

70
Q

What is radiographic detail?

A

The definition of the edge of an anatomical structure on a radiograph

71
Q

What is the Penumbra effect?

A

When a larger focal spot allows greater divergence of the x-ray beam which causes blurring of the edges of the image

72
Q

Radiographic projections are named by describing where the x-ray beam enters the body and where it exits the body. True/False?

A

True

73
Q

What does orthogonal views mean?

A

Taking two views at right angles to each other

74
Q

When possible, where should the x-ray beam be directed to?

A

The floor

75
Q

You must cone down to the area of interest only. True/False?

A

True

76
Q

The central ray of the x-ray beam should be ______ to the cassette and _____ over the area of interest

A

The central ray of the x-ray beam should be perpendicular to the cassette and centred over the area of interest

77
Q

What is the standard method to view radiographs (orientation of image)?

A

View lateral radiographs as if animal’s head was to the left of the monitor with their spine at the top.

78
Q

Image identification is a legal requirement. True/False?

A

True

79
Q

Why is taking orthogonal views important?

A

Some pathologies cannot be visualised on one view

80
Q

What are the effects of ionising radiation?

A

Chemical changes to DNA

81
Q

What are the 4 ways that ionising radiation affect cells?

A
  1. Cell death
  2. Can pass through with no effect
  3. Cell damaged and not repairable
  4. Cell damaged and repair themselves
82
Q

What tissue is the most sensitive to radiation?

A

Blood forming organs

Reproductive organs

83
Q

What tissues are the least sensitive to radiation?

A

Nervous system

Muscles and connective tissue

84
Q

What are the 4 things that influence the effects of radiation?

A
  1. Sensitivity of tissue
  2. Rate of delivery
  3. Amount and characteristic of radiation involved
  4. Amount of body exposed
85
Q

Define acute impacts

A

effects due to exposure to high amounts of ionising radiation over a short period of time

86
Q

Name examples of acute radiation injuries

A

Atomic bombs, nuclear reactor accidents

87
Q

Define chronic injuries

A

Effects that take time to become evident

88
Q

Name examples of chronic radiation injuries

A

Cancer, cataracts

89
Q

Radiation doses are cumulative. T\F

A

True

90
Q

Define somatic effects

A

effects on the physiological functioning of the body in the individual

91
Q

Define genetic effects

A

Damage to the cells in the reproductive system. Mutation of genes. Affects future generations.

92
Q

Examples of somatic effects

A

Radiation sickness, Radiation burns, Inflammation, Cancers, Skin reddening

93
Q

Examples of genetic effects

A

Mutation of genes, Inherited abnormalities

94
Q

Define stochastic effects

A

Effects that occur on a random basis with the effect being independent to size of the dose. No threshold

95
Q

Define non-stochastic effects

A

Related directly to dose received. Effect is more severe with a higher dose. Has a threshold below which the effect will not occur

96
Q

Example of stochastic effects

A

Cancer

97
Q

Examples of non-stochastic effects

A

Skin burn

98
Q

What is the millisievert?

A

A measure of absorption of radiation by the human body.

99
Q

What is the mSv used to measure?

A
  1. Absorbed dose to all organs of the body
  2. Relative harm level of the radiation
  3. Sensitivities of each organ to radiation
100
Q

How much radiation is safe?

A

No amount is safe

101
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

As Low as Reasonably Achievable

102
Q

What is the maximum permissible dose for exposed persons in vet med?

A

20mSv per year

103
Q

What is the maximum permissible dose for members of the public?

A

1mSv per year

104
Q

What are the 3 radiation protection principles?

A
  1. Justification
  2. Optimisation
  3. Dose limits
105
Q

Justification is a radiation protection principle that highlights what?

A

The benefits should outweigh the costs/dangers

106
Q

What does optimisation involve?

A

Equipment and methods should be selected to ensure the radiation doses received by the exposed person and members of the public are kept low as possible

107
Q

What are the 3 roles associated with radiation regulation?

A
  1. Responsible person
  2. Vet
  3. Operator
108
Q

What is the vet responsible for?

A

Justification and requesting radiographic procedures

109
Q

What is the operator responsible for?

A

Taking the x-rays requested by vet and follows correct protocol.

110
Q

What does the responsible person do?

A

Overall management of radiation safety in the practice. Legal responsibility.

111
Q

What is outlined in the radiation management plan?

A

Safety policies, Monitoring, Standard work procedures, Record keeping, Training of staff, Roles and responsibilities, Maintenance

112
Q

When is the developing embryo most sensitive to radiation?

A

First trimester

113
Q

What 2 things should pregnant staff comply by?

A

Do not hold patients, Use dosimeter

114
Q

What is scatter radiation?

A

Secondary radiation. Produced when primary beam interacts with the patient/table/detector

115
Q

What are the 3 safety principles of ALARA?

A
  1. time
  2. distance
  3. shielding
116
Q

Name 4 things that can be implemented to reduce time of exposure

A
  1. Use sedation
  2. Minimise retakes
  3. Rotate staff
  4. Remove extra people from room
117
Q

Name 4 things that can be implemented to control the distance from exposure

A
  1. Stand as far away as possible
  2. Use cassette holders
  3. Cone down primary beam
  4. Don’t hand-hold portable units unless absolutely necessary
118
Q

What type of shielding can be used?

A

Lead-equivalent

119
Q

Name 3 things to consider when using shielding

A
  1. PPE only blocks scatter radiation not the primary beam
  2. Never have any body part in the primary beam even with PPE
  3. It is poor practice to see a lead glove on a radiograph
120
Q

Is there a safe threshold for radiation?

A

No

121
Q

What do dosimeters do?

A

Measure radiation exposure

122
Q

Sedation is critical to radiation safety. True/False?

A

True

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