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radiography lecture > radiography exam 2 - lecture 5,6,7, and 8 > Flashcards

radiography exam 2 - lecture 5,6,7, and 8 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

what are the types of x-ray film

A

intraoral
extraoral
duplicate

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2
Q

intraoral film

A

photographic film adapted for use in dentistry

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3
Q

intraoral film packaging components

A
  1. outer package wrapping
  2. paper film wrapper
  3. lead foil sheet
  4. x-ray film
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4
Q

what side of the film faces the teeth and tubehead

A

solid white, raised bump in corner

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5
Q

what side of the film faces the tongue

A

label side, flap to open packet and film information

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6
Q

what does the film wrapper do

A

protective sheet that covers film and shields film from light

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7
Q

what does the lead foil sheet do

A

shields film from backscatter radiation

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8
Q

film composition

A
  1. film base
  2. adhesive layer
  3. film emulsion
  4. protective layer
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9
Q

what is emulsion made of

A

gelatin and halide crystals

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10
Q

what are the two types of halide crystals

A

silver bromide and silver iodide

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11
Q

latent image

A

image that remains invisible until processed

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12
Q

manual film processing steps

A
  1. development
  2. rinsing
  3. fixing
  4. washing
  5. drying
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13
Q

what step is skipped in automatic film processing

A

rinsing

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14
Q

what two elements does developing agent contain

A

hydroquinone (makes black tones and sharp contrast) and elon (produces many shades of gray)

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15
Q

what ingredients are in fixer agent

A

sodium thiosulfate or ammonium thiosulfate

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16
Q

what is the standard film size

A

2

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17
Q

film speed

A

A - slowest
F- fastest
D-F are only used in intraoral radiography

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18
Q

equipment for digital imaging

A

x-ray unit
sensor
computer

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19
Q

types of digital sensors

A

CCD and CMOS

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20
Q

what’s the only difference between CCD and CMOS

A

the way the pixels are read

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21
Q

direct imaging

A

obtaining digital images by exposing an intraoral sensor to x-radiation

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22
Q

indirect imaging

A

obtaining digital images by scanning a sensor after exposure to x-radiation

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23
Q

what do you need for direct imaging

A

intraoral x-ray unit
sensor
computer with imaging software

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24
Q

what do you need for indirect imaging

A

intraoral x-ray unit
PSP plate
scanner
computer with imaging software

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25
PSP plates
coated with phosphors flexible reusable
26
characteristics of radiation
beam quality, quantity, and beam intensity
27
x-ray beam quality
kVP - quality
28
shorter wavelengths =
more penetrating power
29
higher kvp and higher density result in
darker image
29
how many kvp's does dental radiography use
65-100
30
lower kvp and lower density result in
lighter image
31
is contrast affected by kvp
yes, high kvp = low contrast low kvp = high contrast
32
short-scale contrast
black and white
33
long-scale contrast
many shades of gray
34
stepwedge
device used to demonstrate short-scale contrast and long-scale contrast
35
why might we adjust contrast
low contrast - good for detecting perio disease high contrast - good for detecting caries
36
x-ray beam quanity
mA - quantity
37
what does milliamperage regulate
temperature of cathode filament
38
what are our exposure factors
kilovoltage, milliamperage, and time
39
what is intensity affected by
kV, mA, exposure time, and distance
40
target-surface distace
target to patient's skin
41
inverse square law
as one variable increases, the other decreases
42
if distance is doubled
1/4 as intense
43
if distance is tripled
1/9 as intense
44
half-layer value
amount of material needed to reduce the x-ray beams intensity by half, we use aluminum filter
45
geometric characteristics
sharpness magnification distortion
46
rule of isometry
two triangles are equal if the triangles have two equal angles and share a common side
47
where is the central ray in bisecting technique
perpendicular to imaginary bisector
48
bisecting technique order
1. receptor along lingual surface of tooth 2. angle to bisect formed 3. visualize imaginary bisector 4. CR perpendicular to imaginary bisector 5. two congruent triangles formed
49
what happens when there is too high of vertical angulation in bisecting
foreshortening
50
what happens when there is too low vertical angulation in bisecting
elongated
51
devices of bisecting technique
rinn BAI system stabe snap-a-ray
52
what is the result of incorrect horizontal angulation
overlap
53
what is vertical angulation for bitewings
+10 degrees
54
patient preparation for bisecting x-rays
arch you are exposing parallel to floor midsagittal plane perpendicular to floor
55
maxillary point of entry
where ever tooth is to the ALA TRAGUS
56
mandibular point of entry
where ever the tooth is to the SYMPHYSIS OF CHIN
57
is it recommended to use a short or long pid for bisecting
short
58
what can we see on a panoramic
maxilla, mandible, and oral and facial structures
59
when to use a panoramic
evaluating dentition/impacted teeth evaluating development disease detection evaluating trauma
60
when to NOT use a panoramic
detection of caries, periodontal disease, or periaprical lesions because the image is not as sharp
61
how do the tube head and receptor move together
they move in opposite directions
62
tomography
allows us to focus on one thing while blurring the rest
63
rotation center
pivot point/axis around which a receptor and x-ray tube head rotate, no exact rotation center
64
focal trough
3-D curved zone in which structures are clearly demonstrated on a panoramic image
65
structures you may see in a double image
epiglottis hyoid bone cervical spine
66
ghost image
blurred, magnified, higher than actual structure
67
PAN equipment
tubehead head positioner (bite block, chin rest, lateral supports) exposure controls
68
collimator
restricts beam size
69
DICOM images
raw data undergoes reconstruction to form 3D object
69
what does DICOM require
training to interpret by AAOMR
70
voxels
3D pixels
71
common uses for CBCT
IMPLANT PLACEMENT ortho trauma endodontic assessment

radiography lecture (4 decks)

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