radiography mid term

Question 1

Egypt

Answer 1

-studied the sick, probed wounds, took pulses, studied specimens
-public health issues important personal hygiene
-brain thought to be useless and the heart is the most important

Question 2

India

Answer 2

-believed in eternal cycle of life
-skilled in surgery performed c sections, skin grafts and plastic surgery of nose
-understood something about circulation, and drugs for anesthesia

Question 3

China

Answer 3

Focus on prevention - cure the spirit, nourish the body, treated the whole body, gave medication, used exercise , physical therapy and massage, acupuncture

Question 4

Greece

Answer 4

-scientific thought to medical theory, studied the patient and not the disease
-magic and spells, the brain was considered the seat of the senses; disease primarily disturbance in the four elements (fire, air, water, earth)
-birthed Hippocrates (father of medicine)

Question 5

Hippocrates

Answer 5

-respect patient confidentiality
-study the patient not the disease
-evaluate honestly
-do not harm others
-share knowledge and skill
-be pure

Question 6

Christianity

Answer 6

religious influence
found institutions for the needy

Question 7

17th Century

Answer 7

-advances in the understanding of anatomy
-circulation of blood
-lymphatic system

Question 8

18th Century

Answer 8

-efforts to adapt to scientific investigation
-obstetrics established as a branch of medicine
-blood pressure studied
-homeopathy small doses of drugs

Question 9

19th Century

Answer 9

-advances in diagnoses and treatment
-many diseases identified
-stethoscope discovered
-anesthesia
-xray

Question 10

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Answer 10

discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895 accidentally

Question 11

thomas edison

Answer 11

developed the fluoroscopic screen while looking for marketing x-ray applications

Question 12

Clarence Dally

Answer 12

Thomas Edison’s Assistant. First casualty of man-made radiation.

Question 13

William Crookes

Answer 13

invented the glass “crookes” tube, used today

Question 14

Arthur Willis Goodspeed

Answer 14

produced early images in 1890 but failed to recognize the significance of them

Question 15

Ed Jerman

Answer 15

developed first educational program for all operators of x-ray equipment and helped to organize the first professional society that is still in force today, the ASRT (american society of radiologic technology)

Question 16

Emile Grubbe

Answer 16

Developed the first therapeutic application of radiation

Question 17

first to treat breast cancer with radiation

Answer 17

Emile Grubbe

Question 18

X-ray tube

Answer 18

an evacuated glass bulb with positive (anode) and negative (cathode) electrodes

Question 19

Cathode

Answer 19

Negative side of the tube. filament that gives off electrons when heated

Question 20

Anode

Answer 20

positive side of the tube. electrons will migrate to an area of the anode (focal spot) and anode will suddenly stop

Question 21

Properties of X-rays

Answer 21

-highly penetrating
-invisible
-electrically neutral
-travel in straight lines
-have no mass
-cannot be focused by a lens
-can be produced in a range of energies
-forms a polyenergetic beam (heterogenous)
-can penetrate the human body
-can damage living tissue

Question 22

incident (also primary radiation)

Answer 22

radiation that comes from the x ray tube and exposes the patient
-it is called the useful beam

Question 23

World Health Organization

Answer 23

specialized agency sponsored by the united nations whose concern of improvements in public health internationally. some of the areas of attention are quarantine measures for outbreaks, control of epidemics that may occur and standardized drugs.

Question 24

Leakage radiation

Answer 24

The radiation comes out in all directions from the tube or tube head due to malfunction or leakage. physicists come annually to insure this is not happening

Question 25

remnant radiation (also exit radiation)

Answer 25

-x rays that go through the patient -non diagnostic radiation -this radiation can interact with the body as it goes through but has no importance in diagnostic quality.

Question 26

Scatter radiation

Answer 26

radiation that bounces off the patient and scatters in all directions. scatter happens with every image a radiographer takes

Question 27

what happens if scatter radiation reaches the image receptor?

Answer 27

it will produce a fog appearance. This is detrimental to the image quality; will have to repeat the image.

Question 28

attenuation

Answer 28

-absorption of the x rays by the patient -bone absorbs more than the heart and the lungs -depends on patient factors, body habitus and technical factors set by the radiographer

Question 29

fluoroscopy

Answer 29

-provides a live action of the interior of the body -this source of radiation comes from the patient -body lead and thyroid shields MUST be worn at all times by the radiographer and the radiologist -thyroid is very sensitive to radiation used in main department and the operating room

Question 30

Tungsten

Answer 30

Has a high melting point, can withstand high head produced

Question 31

stationary anode

Answer 31

used in dental and low use settings Benefits: inexpensive, easy to repair Downside: anode melts, pits and cracks. low heat tolerance

Question 32

rotating anode

Answer 32

used in hospitals and most outpatient clinics benefits: high heat tolerance downside: expensive, whole tube needs to be replaced

Question 33

image receptor

Answer 33

any device or medium that captures the remnant beam

Question 34

latent image

Answer 34

the image before processing

Question 35

manifest image

Answer 35

the image after processing

Question 36

computed radiography

Answer 36

-filmless -uses an image receptor for recording the image -placed in a digitized reader for reconstruction -view the actual image on a computer screen

Question 37

digital radiography

Answer 37

-filmless -uses a digital plate -image receptors are reusable -uses WIFI

Question 38

CT

Answer 38

cross sectional views of the body -provides information about the body in slices -more radiation than general xray (protection important)

Question 39

WHO health definition

Answer 39

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not nearly the absence of disease or infirmity