Radiology 1: Radiologists tool

Question 1

What are the imaging modalities?

Answer 1

X-ray 
US
CT
MRI
nuclear medicine

Question 2

What are the strengths of radiography?

Answer 2

Great spatial resolution
cheap and available
easy interpretation

Question 3

what are the cons of radiography?

Answer 3

projectional
ionising radiation
limited soft tissue visualisation

Question 4

Which areas should always be reviewed on CXR

Answer 4

behind the heart
apices 
costophrenic angles 
periphery of film such as shoulder joints 
below the diaphragm

Question 5

What is the cardiothoracic ratio?

Answer 5

C/T and should normally be <0.5 on PA film

Question 6

What are the findings of pulmonary oedema

Answer 6

alevolar oedema 
Kerley B lines
Cardiomegaly 
Prominent upper lobe vessels. 
Pleural effusion

Question 7

what causes consolidation?

Answer 7

lobar: pneumonia
multifocal: pulmonary oedema, pneumonia, haemorrhage, fat emboli, lymphoma

Question 8

Causes of pneumothorax

Answer 8

Spontaenous 
Trauma - rib fracture, emphesyma 
Iatrogenic - postop ventilation, central line 
Secondary to lung disease - copd
Secondary to pneumoperitnoeum

Question 9

Causes of transudate pleural effusion

Answer 9

LVF
hepatic failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Meig’s syndrome

Question 10

Causes of exudate pleural effusion

Answer 10

infection 
malignancy 
pulmonary infarct 
connective tissue disorder 
pancreatitis

Question 11

what signs would you see in an upper lobe collapese ?

Answer 11

Movement of the hemidiaphragm up

Question 12

what are the causes of increased density with a normal mediastinum?

Answer 12

consolidation
pleural effusion
mesothelioma

Question 13

increased density with mediastinum away?

Answer 13

pleural effusion

diaphragmatic hernia

Question 14

increased density with mediastinum towards?

Answer 14

collapse
pneumonectomy
lymphangitis
pulmonary agenesis

Question 15

what findings would you find on AXR for gallstone ileus?

Answer 15

1) gallstone
2) small bowel obstruction
3) pneumobilia

Question 16

what are the cut offs for small bowel obstruction?

Answer 16

proximal jejunum >3.5
mid small bowel >3
ileum >2.5

Question 17

what does sigmoid volvulus look like?

Answer 17

coffee bean shape

Question 18

what contrast options are there?

Answer 18

barium
IV urogram
interventional radiology

Question 19

pros of CT

Answer 19

cross sectional
spatial resolution
weidely available

Question 20

cons of CT

Answer 20

uses ionising radiation

limited soft tissue contrast

Question 21

who should you not CT scan ?

Answer 21

young children due to their high mitotic rate

pregnant women

Question 22

Pros of US

Answer 22

non-ionising
multiplanar
dynamic
doppler

Question 23

cons of US

Answer 23

operator dependent

cant see through bone or gas

Question 24

pros of MRI

Answer 24

non ionising
exquisite soft tissue contrast
reproducible and non operator dependent

Question 25

weakness of MRI

Answer 25

``` limited availability magnetic field some patients not suitable expensive shielding cant see calcification or gas ```

Question 26

contraindications of MRI

Answer 26

``` pacemaker implanted cardiac defib aneurysm clip carotid artery vasc clamp insulin pump ```

Question 27

what is NOT a contraindication for MRI

Answer 27

othorpaedic replacements

Question 28

pros of nuclear medicine

Answer 28

functional info

Question 29

cons of nuclear medicine

Answer 29

limited anatomical function | radiation of pt/staff/population

Question 30

what should always ask before doing an X-ray?

Answer 30

PREGNANT??????? if they

Question 31

what are the risks of X-ray in pregnancy?

Answer 31

eye damage, cerebral development