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NBDHE May 2022 > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

Ionization

A

Process by which an atom gains or loses an electron to become charged

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2
Q

Particulate Radiation

A

involves particles that have a mass and travel in a straight line at high speed

cannot reach the speed of light

may have a charge

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3
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

electric and magnetic fields of energy that move through space in waves

only high energy waves have ionizing capacity

travels at the speed of light and has no mass or charge

ie. x-rays

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4
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between peaks of one wave to another

Measures energy of the radiation

longer wavelength = low frequency = low energy

shorter wavelength = high frequency = high energy

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5
Q

Transformer

A

Regulates energy in a circuit

can be step-up or step-down or autotransformer

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6
Q

Ampere

A

Number of electrons flowing

measured in miliamperage

Quantity of the beam

Increases density

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7
Q

Voltage

A

force that moves electrons

measured in kVp (peak voltage of an alternating current)

determines speed and penetrating power

Quality of the beam

increases density

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8
Q

Cathode

A

NEGATIVE CHARGE

controlled by mA

tungsten filament: emits e- when heated

molybdenum cup: focuses e- in a narrow beam pointed at anode

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9
Q

Anode

A

POSITIVE CHARGE

controlled by kVp

  • Tungsten target: spot where e- hit to produce xrays
  • Focal spot: x-rays from cathode are directed here
  • Copper stem: dissipate excess heat
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10
Q

Which way do x-rays flow?

A

Cathode to Anode

(dont PANIC)

Positive anode, negative cathode

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11
Q

Tube Head

A

Contains transformers and insulating oil

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12
Q

Position-Indicating Device

(PID)

A

lined with a metal layer to direct x-ray beam

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13
Q

Primary Radiation

A

Photos directed at target

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14
Q

Secondary Radiation

A

AKA Scatter radiation

Radiation reflecting off object

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15
Q

Compton Scatter

A

Most x-ray interactions with matter

Ionization occurs

A photon interacts with an outer shell e-

Photon loses e-

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16
Q

Photoelectric Effect

A

about ⅓rd of interactions

photon interacts with inner shell e-

ionization occurs

photon is absorbed and e- is ejected

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17
Q

Coherent Scatter

A

8% of x-ray interactions

photons interact with an outer shell e-, matter is not altered

photons continue to travel with no loss of energy

ionization DOES NOT occur

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18
Q

Standard vs SI Units

A

MEASUREMENT OLD UNITS SI UNITS

Exposure in air Roentgen Coulomb/Kg

Absorbed dose Rad Gray (Gr)

Dose equivalent Rem Sievert (Sv)

*1 Sv = 100 rem

1 Gy = 100 rad

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19
Q

Direct Theory

A
  • radiation damages the protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and DNA molecule of a cell and causes cell death
  • Accounts for ⅓rd of biological damage
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20
Q

Indirect Theory

A
  • Radiation interacts with water in cells and produces free radicals (H and OH)
  • these free radicals are very unstable and can bond to form toxic compounds (H2O2)
  • Accounts for ⅔rds of radiation damage
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21
Q

Somatic vs Genetic Effect

A

Somatic effect occurs when somatic (non-sex cells) are harmed by radiation

Genetic effect occurs when sex-cells are harmed by radiation, affecting future offspring

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22
Q

Stochastic Effect

A

Probability of occurrence increases with dose but severity is not dependant on dose

Effects are random

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23
Q

Non-Stochastic Effect

A

AKA Deterministic effect

severity of damage depends on the dose

predictable effects

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24
Q

Inherent Filtration

A

glass tube

oil

0.5-2mm aluminum

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25
Added Filtration
depends on kVp used \>70kVp =2.5mm of aluminum \<70kVp=1.5mm of aluminum
26
Collimation
Metal barrier with an aperture that restricts the size and shape of x-ray beam Rectangular collimation exposes 60% less than a round PID
27
Fast Film
F-Speed film produces 60% less radiation exposure Digital receptors are about twice as fast as E-speed film faster film has larger silver halide crystals which may lower the quality of the image
28
Intensifying Screens
Screens coated in phosphors phosphors convert photon energy into visible light photons
29
ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable exposure should be kept to a minimum and radiographs should be prescribed as needed on an individual basis
30
Dosimeter
film badge that measures exposure to radiation. Worn at waist level
31
Maximum Permissible Dose | (MPD)
dose of radiation NOT expected to produce any significant radiation effects MPD for an occupational person: 5rem/year or 50mSv/year MPD for a non-occupational person: 10% less than above (0.5rem/year or 5mSv/year) Maximum Accumulated Dose = 5rem x N - 18, where N=age
32
Inverse Square Law
the intensity of a beam at any given point is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the source \*invert the squared number only if the source is farther eg. 2x farther; the beam is ¼x as intense 3x closer; the beam is 9x as intense
33
Density
Darkness of an xray proportional to exposure time, mA, and kVp NOTE: time and mA are inversely related ie. if time is increased, mA must be decreased and vice versa
34
Contrast
difference between lighter and darker shades of grey on a radiograph dependant on kVp high/low scale contrast: black and white low/high scale contrast: many shades of grey best for detecting caries
35
Sharpness & Penumbra
Sharpness can be increased when focal spot is small and object to receptor distance is short Penumbra: blurred structures on a radiograph
36
Fix the error: Overlap
change horizontal angulation
37
Fix the error: Elongation
caused by underangulation therefore increase the angulation
38
Fix the error: Foreshortening
caused by overangulation therefore decrease the angulation
39
Bisecting Technique
film is placed as close to the teeth as possible central ray is directed perpendicular to an imaginary plane that bisects the angle between the film and teeth
40
Paralleling Technique
Film is parallel to long axis of tooth, central ray is directed perpendicular to film
41
Occlusal Radiographic Technique
Mandibular: negative 55° vertical angulation, central rays directed through chin Maxillary: positive 65° vertical angulation, central rays directed through tip of nose
42
SLOB Rule
**S**ame **L**ingual **O**pposite **B**uccal 2 images compared Tube head and object moved in the same direction ⇒ object is located lingually Tube head and object moved in the opposite direction ⇒ object is located buccally
43
Identify the Error
Patients chin is tipped up too high
44
Identify the Error
Patients chin is tipped too low
45
Identify the Error
Patients tongue isnt at roof of mouth
46
Identify the Error
Patient is too far forward
47
Identify the Errors (2)
1. Patients back is hunched 2. Patient is too far back
48
Identify the Error
Lead apron artifact
49
Processing Film: Developing (4 parts)
5 minutes at 68°F * Reducing Agent: **hydroquinone** or **elon** - reduces exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver * Alkalizer: **sodium carbonate** - softens film emulsion and speeds up action * Restrainer: **potassium bromide** - inhibits development of unexposed silver halide crystals * Preservative: **sodium sulfite** - a preservative that prevents oxidation
50
Processing Film: Rinsing
Dilutes the developer and slows development process removes alkali activator 30 seconds in running water
51
Processing Film: Fixing (4)
10 minutes OR twice developing time * Fixing agent: sodium thiosulfate - clears unexposed silver halide crystals * Hardener: potassium alum - shrinks and hardens emulsions * Acidifier: acetic acid - keeps medium acidic and stops additional development * Preservative: sodium sulfite - prevents oxidation
52
Processing Films: Washing
Wash in running water for 10 mins and set to dry Ensures removal of thiosulfate ions
53
Automatic Processing
Developer, fixer, water, drying chamber Developing solution works at higher temperatures more rapidly
54
Processing Errors: Film Too Dark
Too much development time Temperature too high
55
Processing Errors: Film Too Light
Not enough development solution Temperature too low Exhausted developer solution
56
Processing Errors: Cracked Emulsion
Sudden temperature change between developer and fixer
57
Processing Errors: Darker Areas
Developer solution touches film before processing procedure
58
Processing Errors: Lighter Areas
Fixing solution touches film before processing procedure
59
Processing Errors: Yellow/Brown Stains
exhausted solutions insufficient washing
60
Processing Errors: Straight White Boarders
developer cutoff caused by incomplete immersion in developer
61
Processing Errors: Straight Black Boarder
fixer cutoff caused by incomplete immersion in fixer
62
Processing Errors: Outline of Another Film
Films stuck together in solutions
63
Processing Errors: White Spots
air bubbles trapped during processing
64
Processing Errors: Thin, Black, Branchlike Lines
static caused by opening film too quickly and low humidity
65
Processing Errors: Fogged Film
improper safelight light leaking into darkroom outdated film
66
Incisive Foramen
67
Nasal Septum
68
Nasal Spine
69
Maxillary Sinus
70
Inverted Y
71
Nutrient Canals
72
Mental Ridge
73
Coronoid Process
74
Maxillary Tuberosity
75
Lingual Foramen
76
Zygomatic Process
77
Mandibular Canal
78
External Oblique Ridge
79
Restoration Type?
Amalgam Restoration
80
Restoration Type?
Gold Crown
81
Restoration Type?
Retention Pins
82
Restoration Type?
Gutta Percha
83
Restoration Type?
Silver Point
84
Composite Restorations
85
Restoration Type?
Porcelain Crown
86
Restoration Type?
Implant
87
Identify the Pathology
Odontoma * most common tumor * tx: curettage * no recurrence
88
Identify the Pathology
Ameloblastoma * most common clinical odontogenic tumor * Soap-bubble appearance * Asymptomatic * 30-70y/o * tx: enucleation and curettage; high recurrence after curettage only * Can metastasize and become lethal
89
Identify the Pathology
Cemento-osseous Dysplasia * periapical, anterior mandible * asymptomatic * may be confused with simple bone cyst
90
Identify the Pathology
Condensing Osteitis * AKA focal sclerosis * widening of PDL * tx: ext or endo therapy
91
Identify the Pathology
Pagets Disease * abnormal resorption and deposition of bone * idiopathic * “cotton wool” radiograph appearance * tx: suppression of bone resorption and deposition (bisphosphonates)
92
Identify the Pathology
Radicular Cyst/ Periapical Cyst * NON-VITAL tooth * tx: RCT, apicoectomy, EXT with curettage
93
Identify the Pathology
Dentigerous Cyst * around the crown of an impacted tooth
94
Identify the Pathology
Odontogenic Keratocyst * \*highest recurrence rate * arises from dental lamina * 60-80% of cases on mandibular * tx: enucleation or curettage
95
Identify the Pathology
Lateral Periodontal Cyst * well-circumscribed * Asymptomatic * 75-80% in mand * recurrence is unusual * lateral to roots of vital teeth * tx: enucleation
96
Identify the Pathology
Globulomaxillary Cyst * fusion of medial nasal process with maxillary process * epithelium becomes trapped during fusion * between max cuspid and incisor * inverted pear shape
97
Identify the Pathology
Nasopalatine Duct Cyst * heart shape * most common non-odontogenic cyst of oral cavity\* * anterior midline of maxilla * symptoms include swelling and pain, may be asymptomatic * tx: surgical enucleation with biopsy (not diagnosed radiographically) * Recurrence is rare

NBDHE May 2022 (12 decks)

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