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Dentistry > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name this lesion

A

Cemento-osseous dysplasia

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2
Q

What are the three different types of fibro-osseous dysplasia?

A

● cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD)
● fibrous dysplasia (FD)
● ossifying fibroma (OF)

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3
Q

What is the normal look of a parotid gland on a sialograph?

A

Tree in winter

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4
Q

Name this lesion

A

Solitary bone cyst

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5
Q

Name this lesion

A

Dentigerous cyst

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6
Q

What are the different types of locularity when describing radiographic lesions?

A
  • Unilocular (single balloon)
  • Pseudolocular (one balloon with multiple compartments but no definitive walls between)
  • Multilocular (obvious separate areas dividing ballons)
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7
Q

What will benign lesions do to adjacent anatomy vs what malignant lesions do?

A

Benign lesions will displace anatomical structures due to slow growth, whereas malignant lesions will destroy anatomical structures by eroding straight through

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8
Q

How can cysts and cyst-like radiolucencies affect teeth?(5)

A

● displacement/impaction
● resorption
● loss of lamina dura
● widening of PDL space
● hypercementosis

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9
Q

What does hypoechoic mean regarding ultrasound images?

A

Dark

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10
Q

What is the second most common odontogenic cyst?

A

Dentigerous cyst

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11
Q

Name this lesion from its radiographic findings:
● SITE: apex of non-vital tooth
● SIZE: variable
● SHAPE: unilocular and rounded
● MARGINS: well-defined and corticated
● INTERNAL STRUCTURE: entirely radiolucent
● TOOTH INVOLVEMENT: yes - associated with root, margins continuous with lamina dura
● EFFECTS: can displace adjacent teeth/structures and long standing lesions can lead to root resorption
● NUMBER: single (but maybe multiple if grossly carious dentition)

A

Radicular cyst

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12
Q

Where do odontogenic keratocysts usually occur?

A

Posterior of the mandible

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13
Q

Name this lesion

A

Odontogenic keratocyst

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14
Q

Name this cyst

A

Radicular cyst

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15
Q

What is sclerosing osteitis?

A

A localised area of increased bone density in response to inflammation

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16
Q

What are the three forms of fibrous dysplasia?

A

● monostotic: single bone affected (most common)
● polyostotic: multiple lesions affecting multiple bones
● craniofacial: typically single lesion affecting multiple (fused) bones

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17
Q

What will be the signs/symptoms of anterior disc displacement with reduction?

A

Clicking upon opening when the disc is recapsured

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18
Q

What is fibro-osseous dysplasia?

A

A group of rare, benign, non-inheritable conditions where normal bone is replaced by connective tissue and abnormal bone

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19
Q

What does hyperechoic mean regarding ultrasound images?

A

Light

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20
Q

What is a residual cyst?

A

When a radicular cyst persists after loss of tooth (or after a tooth is successfully treated via root canal)

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21
Q

What would you usually use to image salivary glands?

A

Ultrasounds (if glands are superficial) or MRI

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22
Q

How can cysts and cyst-like radiolucencies affect bone?(3)

A

● displacement of cortices
● perforation of cortices
● sclerosis of trabecular bone

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23
Q

What decade of life are ameloblastomas most common?

A

4th-6th

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24
Q

Why does a corticated margin mean indicate the tumour is benign?

A

It demonstrates that the bone has had time to remodel at the periphery of the radiolucency. This indicates a benign lesion as it only happens when the lesion is slow-growing

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25
Q

What are radicular cysts also known as?

A

Periapical cysts or dental cysts

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26
Q

Name this lesion based on its radiographic findings:
● attached at the root of a tooth
● thin radiolucent margin continuous with the PDL space of the root but no radiolucent margin separating tumour from root surface
● well-defined
● usually round (but can be irregularly shaped)
● radiopaque (but can be mixed radiodensity)
● displacement of teeth and cortical bone

A

Cementoblastoma

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27
Q

Why are MRIs good for imaging the TMJ?

A

no radiation dose and you can see both soft tissue and bony pathology, good for assessing particular disc position, including disc displacement

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28
Q

What is the main reason we do imaging for dry mouth?

A

To assess for Sjogren’s disease related changes

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29
Q

Name this lesion based on its radiographic features:
● thinned cortices (inferior border of the mandible)
● sparse trabecular bone pattern (general radiolucent appearance)
● thinned lamina dura around teeth

A

osteoporosis

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30
Q

Name this lesion

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

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31
Q

Name this lesion

A

Cementoblastoma

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32
Q

Name this lesion

A

Condensing osteitis

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33
Q

What decade of life do dentigerous cysts normally pop up?

A

2nd-4th

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34
Q

What is the treatment for ossifying fibromas?

A

Surgical excision (12% recurrence rate)

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35
Q

Name this lesion

A

Idiopathic osteosclerosis

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36
Q

Why is the contrast for sialography aqueous based rather than oil based?

A

Makes it easier to excrete from the body and less likely to cause tissue reactions

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37
Q

What are dentigerous cysts always associated with?

A

The crown of unerupted, or impacted teeth

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38
Q

Name this lesion

A

Idiopathic osteosclerosis

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39
Q

What does a corticated margin mean?

A

When there is a well defined margin with a thin layer of dense bone surrounding the whole lesion. A corticated margin suggests a benign lesion

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40
Q

Name this lesion from its radiographic findings:
● SITE: buccal or distal to furcation area of permanent molars (mandible>maxilla)
● SIZE: less than 25mm
● SHAPE: unilocular and rounded
● MARGINS: well-defined and corticated
● INTERNAL STRUCTURE: entirely radiolucent
● TOOTH INVOLVEMENT: yes, involves furcation
● EFFECTS: tilting of the tooth, cortical displacement
● NUMBER: single or bilateral

A

Inflammatory collateral cyst

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41
Q

What are the four main reasons for radiopacities on a radiograph?(4)

A

● increased thickness of the bone
● osteosclerosis of the bone
● presence of abnormal tissues
● mineralisation of normally non-mineralised tissues

42
Q

Where is cemento-osseous dysplasia most commonly found?

A

The mandible

43
Q

What are the clinical problems with odontomas?

A

● impaction of adjacent teeth
● external root resorption
● development of dentigerous cyst

44
Q

What affect do buccal bifurcation cysts have on teeth?

A

Tend to push the root of the tooth lingually - so crown tilts buccally

45
Q

What decade of life are inflammatory collateral cysts most common in?

A

1st-2nd

46
Q

What are the key radiographic features of odontomas?

A

● well-defined radiopacities of varying radiodensity
● areas with radiodensity of enamel
● thin radiolucent margin (i.e. follicle)

47
Q

What will be the signs/symptoms of anterior disc displacement without reduction?

A

Limited mouth openingand pain

48
Q

Name this lesion

A

Ameloblastoma

49
Q

What are these all types of?
● dentigerous cyst (and eruption cyst)
● odontogenic keratocyst
● lateral periodontal cyst

A

Odontogenic developmental cysts

50
Q

What is the most commonly affected region affected by idiopathic osteosclerosis?

A

Premolar region of the mandible

51
Q

What method of imaging is the gold standard for imaging the TMJ?

A

MRI

52
Q

What is the most common non-odontogenic cyst?

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

53
Q

Name this lesion

A

Ameloblastoma

54
Q

What taste may people with nasopalatine duct cysts taste?

A

Salty

55
Q

What is a cementoblastoma?

A

A rare benign odontogenic tumour of cementum. It occurs around the surface of the root of a tooth (which remains vital)

56
Q

What are the stages that radicular cysts are formed?

A
  1. pulpal necrosis
  2. periapical periodontitis
  3. periapical granuloma
  4. radicular cyst
57
Q

What is the treatment for cemento-osseous dysplasia?

A

No treatment needed unless exposed

58
Q

Name this lesion

A

Hypercementosis

59
Q

What decade of life are radicular cysts most common in?

A

4-5th decades

60
Q

How do you tell the difference between sclerosing osteitis and idiopathic osteosclerosis?

A

Sclerosing osteitis will have associated inflammation so you look for a source or signs/symptoms of inflammation (e.g. sensibility test teeth

61
Q

What are the signs on an ultrasound that a lesion is malignant? (4)

A

● irregular margins
● poorly defined
● increased/tortuous internal vascularity
● lymphadenopathy

62
Q

What are these types of?
● radicular cysts (and residual cysts)
● inflammatory collateral cysts

A

Odontogenic inflammatory cysts

63
Q

What does heterogeneous mean regarding ultrasound images?

A

Mixed density

64
Q

Where do nasopalatine duct cysts occur?

A

Anterior of the maxilla

65
Q

Name this lesion

A

Hyper cementosis

66
Q

What is an osteoma?

A

A rare benign tumour of the bone that can occur anywhere but has a predilection for the craniofacial skeleton - particularly the posterior of the mandible

67
Q

What decades of life are nasopalatine most common?

A

4th-6th

68
Q

Name this lesion based on its radiographic features:
● well-defined radiolucency containing varying amounts of well defined radiopaque material (depends on the stage of lesion maturation, fully mature lesions can appear entirely radiopaque)
● lamina dura lost
● PDLs often unaffected

A

Cemento-osseous dysplasia

69
Q

What is idiopathic osteosclerosis?

A

A localised area of increased bone density of unknown cause and no association with inflammatory, neoplastic or dysplastic processes

70
Q

Name the lesion from its radiographic findings:
ITE: usually posterior of the mandible
● SIZE: any size
● SHAPE: unilocular (10-15%) or multilocular (85-90%) (multilocular have soap bubble appearance)
● MARGINS: well defined and corticated
● INTERNAL STRUCTURE: radiolucent
● TOOTH INVOLVEMENT: no
● EFFECTS: growth not contstrained by cortices (it can grow in any direction it wants); thinning of cortices; can cause “knife edge” external root resorption
● NUMBER: single

A

Ameloblastoma

71
Q

What is the normal look of asubmandibular gland on a sialograph?

A

Bush in winter

72
Q

Name this lesion based on its radiographic features:
● SITE: mandible anterior to molars
● SIZE: any size
● SHAPE: unilocular or multilocular (when large)
● MARGINS: well defined, poorly corticated, scalloped
● INTERNAL STRUCTURE: radiolucent
● TOOTH INVOLVEMENT: no
● EFFECTS: displacement of cortices, displacement of teeth, occasional external root resorption
● NUMBER: single

A

Giant cell granuloma

73
Q

Where do ameloblastomas most commonly occur?

A

Posterior of the mandible (80%)

74
Q

Name this lesion from its radiographic findings:
● SITE: around the crown of an unerupted tooth (mandible>maxilla)
● SIZE: variable
● SHAPE: unilocular and rounded but can be scalloped if large
● MARGINS: well-defined and corticated
● INTERNAL STRUCTURE: entirely radiolucent
● TOOTH INVOLVEMENT: yes, continuous with CEJ
● EFFECTS: displacement of the tooth, potential external root resorption of adjacent teeth, variable displacement of adjacent structures
● NUMBER: single

A

Dentigerous cyst

75
Q

Name this lesion based on its radiographic findings:
● altered bone margin (radiodensity increases as lesion matures)
● bone enlarges but maintains rough anatomical shape
● margins indistinct and blend into adjacent bone.

A

Fibrous dysplasia

76
Q

Name this lesion from its radiographic findings:
● SITE: commonly posterior of the mandible
● SIZE: variable but can get very large
● SHAPE: pseudolocular or multilocular and scalloped
● MARGINS: well-defined and corticated
● INTERNAL STRUCTURE: entirely radiolucent
● TOOTH INVOLVEMENT: no (but often next to one)
● EFFECTS: marked expansion within trabecular bone in contrast to limited displacement of cortices (basically can get pretty big in one or two dimensions before they push up against denser bone); minimal displacement of adjacent teeth; external root resorption
● NUMBER: single (but can be multiple if syndromic)

A

Odontogenic keratocyst

77
Q

What is the main dental issue with hypercementosis?

A

It makes extractions much more difficult

78
Q

What is a locule on a radiograph?

A

A discrete compartment like a balloon

79
Q

What is sialography?

A

When iodinated radiographic contrast is injected into salivary ducts to look for obstructions

80
Q

What does homogeneous mean regarding ultrasound images?

A

Uniform density

81
Q

Name this cyst

A

Inflammatory collateral cyst (paradental)

82
Q

What decade of life are odontogenic keratocysts most common in?

A

2nd-3rd

83
Q

Name this lesion from its radiographic findings:
● SITE: always anterior of the maxilla in the midline
● SIZE: usually between 6mm-30mm in diameter
● SHAPE: unilocular and rounded and symmetrical (can look heart-shaped)
● MARGINS: well-defined and corticated
● INTERNAL STRUCTURE: entirely radiolucent
● TOOTH INVOLVEMENT: no but next to incisor roots
● EFFECTS: displacement of incisors and palatal expansion
● NUMBER: single

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

84
Q

What is the most common odontogenic tumour?

A

Ameloblastomas

85
Q

What are the dental radiographic features of Paget’s disease?(3)

A

o Migration
o Hypercementosis
o Loss of lamina dura

86
Q

Name this lesion from its radiographic features:
● osteolysis (breakdown of bone) and osteosclerosis (thick bone from scarring) resulting in a varied mixture of radiolucent and radiopaque areas
● irregularities on inner/outer aspects of cortical bone
● sequestration of bone (separation of bone)
● periosteal bone reaction (primarily osteomyelitis)
● loss of lamina dura around teeth
● pathological fracture of bone

A

Either osteomyelitis or osteonecrosis

87
Q

What are the signs on an ultrasound that a lesion is benign? (4)

A

● well-defined
● encapsulated
● peripheral vascularity
● no lymphadenopathy

88
Q

What does a moth eaten radiolucency suggest?

A

Malignancy

89
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Decreased bone mass

90
Q

Name this lesion from its radiographic findings:
● well defined radiopacity (can have slightly radiolucent internal areas)
● no radiolucent margin
● variable in shape
● size usually less than 2cm
● No displacement of teeth
● No effect on PDL

A

Idiopathic osteosclerosis

91
Q

What is hypercementosis?

A

An excessive deposition of cementum around the root of a tooth

92
Q

What size follicular space would you consider a radiolucency is a dentigerous cyst and not dental follicle?

A

Larger than 5mm (follicular space is normally around 2-3mm)

93
Q

Name this lesion based on its radiographic findings:
● single or multiple teeth involved (involving either all the root or just a section)
● radiopacity continuous with the root surface
● PDL space of tooth extends around the periphery
● margins often smooth but can be irregular

A

Hypercementosis

94
Q

What are the common oral presentations of Garner’s syndrome?(4)

A
  • Multiple osteomas
  • supernumeries
  • impacted teeth
  • multiple areas of idiopathic osteosclerosis
95
Q

Name this lesion based on its radiographic findings:
● rounded expansile lesion in which effected teeth are displaced and may be resorbed
● ranges from entirely radiolucent to completely radiopaque (radiodensity depends on the stage of lesion maturation)
● margins usually well defined
● surrounding bone may be sclerotic (thick)

A

Ossifying fibroma

96
Q

What are the three phases that you image on sialographs?

A
  1. Pre-contrast
  2. Contrast/filling phase
  3. Emptying phase (5 mins after)
97
Q

Name the lesion from its radiographic findings:
● SITE: often premolar/molar region of the mandible
● SIZE: any size
● SHAPE: multilocular and scalloped (maybe soap-bubble appearance)
● MARGINS: well-defined; thin corticated margin
● INTERNAL STRUCTURE: radiolucent
● TOOTH INVOLVEMENT: no
● EFFECTS: extends into inter-radicular spaces but larger lesions displace teeth; initially expands in the trabecular bone before displacing cortices
● NUMBER: single

A

Odontogenic Myxoma

98
Q

What causes a dentigerous cyst?

A

Cystic change in the dental follicle

99
Q

What are radicular cysts always associated with?

A

A non-vital tooth

100
Q

Name this lesion based on its radiographic findings:
● SITE: typically posterior mandible
● SIZE: usually less than 30mm
● SHAPE: unilocular or pseudolocular; scalloped (may extend into interdental spaces with finger-like projections)
● MARGINS: variable
● INTERNAL STRUCTURE: entirely radiolucent
● TOOTH INVOLVEMENT: no
● EFFECTS: typically none, rare displacement of teeth
● NUMBER: single

A

Solitary bone cyst

101
Q

Name this lesion

A

Cementoblastoma

102
Q

What are bony septae on a radiogaph?

A

Lines going through the radiolucent lesion that make it look webbed or bubbled - the lines can be curved or straight, prominent or faint and thin or coarse

Dentistry (7 decks)

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